21 research outputs found

    VarGoats project : a dataset of 1159 whole-genome sequences to dissect Capra hircus global diversity

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    Since their domestication 10,500 years ago, goat populations with distinctive genetic backgrounds have adapted to a broad variety of environments and breeding conditions. The VarGoats project is an international 1000-genome resequencing program designed to understand the consequences of domestication and breeding on the genetic diversity of domestic goats and to elucidate how speciation and hybridization have modeled the genomes of a set of species representative of the genus Capra. A dataset comprising 652 sequenced goats and 507 public goat sequences, including 35 animals representing eight wild species, has been collected worldwide. We identified 74,274,427 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 13,607,850 insertion-deletions (InDels) by aligning these sequences to the latest version of the goat reference genome (ARS1). A Neighbor-joining tree based on Reynolds genetic distances showed that goats from Africa, Asia and Europe tend to group into independent clusters. Because goat breeds from Oceania and Caribbean (Creole) all derive from imported animals, they are distributed along the tree according to their ancestral geographic origin. We report on an unprecedented international effort to characterize the genome-wide diversity of domestic goats. This large range of sequenced individuals represents a unique opportunity to ascertain how the demographic and selection processes associated with post-domestication history have shaped the diversity of this species. Data generated for the project will also be extremely useful to identify deleterious mutations and polymorphisms with causal effects on complex traits, and thus will contribute to new knowledge that could be used in genomic prediction and genome-wide association studies

    Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved in phenotype-environment relationships in small ruminants

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    Les organismes vivants peuvent ĂȘtre confrontĂ©s Ă  des variations plus ou moins importantes de leur environnement (qu’il soit climatique, sanitaire, etc
). En rĂ©ponse Ă  ces variations, trois types de mĂ©canismes peuvent ĂȘtre mis en place pour ajuster leur phĂ©notype et l’environnement : le choix d’un habitat favorable, l’adaptation et l‘acclimatation. Dans le cas des animaux domestiques, le choix de de l’habitat n’est pas possible mais les deux derniers mĂ©canismes peuvent ĂȘtre mis en Ă©vidence en Ă©tudiant respectivement la prĂ©sence de marques gĂ©nĂ©tiques et Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques dans le gĂ©nome des individus. Le but de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de mettre en Ă©vidence ces deux types de mĂ©canismes chez les petits ruminants (chĂšvres et moutons) en rapport avec l’histoire des races et leur environnement.Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysĂ© des donnĂ©es de gĂ©nomes complets pour chercher des signatures de sĂ©lection chez onze races caprines françaises. Cette analyse nous a d’abord permis d’explorer leurs histoires, de comprendre les croisements possibles entre elles et de confronter ces rĂ©sultats aux donnĂ©es historiques collectĂ©es. De plus des gĂšnes sous sĂ©lection en rapport avec des caractĂšres d’intĂ©rĂȘt agronomique tels que la production laitiĂšre (21 gĂšnes), la reproduction (14 gĂšnes), l’immunitĂ© (11 gĂšnes), ainsi que des caractĂšres morphologiques spĂ©cifiques aux races Ă©tudiĂ©es (28 gĂšnes) ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence.Dans un second temps, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les deux types de mĂ©canismes chez des chĂšvres et des moutons marocains qui ont Ă©tĂ© choisis pour former deux groupes Ă  chaque extrĂ©mitĂ© d’un gradient de variation de tempĂ©ratures. L’analyse des diffĂ©rences gĂ©nĂ©tiques entre les deux groupes, pour chaque espĂšce, nous a permis de localiser des rĂ©gions sous sĂ©lection en relation avec des gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans la perception de l’environnement (5 gĂšnes), l’immunitĂ© (4 gĂšnes), la reproduction (8 gĂšnes) et la production (11 gĂšnes). Nous avons aussi sĂ©quencĂ© les rĂ©gions du gĂ©nome portant des groupements mĂ©thyles chez ces mĂȘmes animaux. L’analyse des rĂ©gions diffĂ©rentiellement mĂ©thylĂ©es (DMR) entre les deux groupes nous a permis de trouver 2 DMRs (une chez chaque espĂšce) en relation, entre autre, avec la production et la qualitĂ© du lait. Cette Ă©tude des mĂ©canismes d’adaptation et d’acclimatation chez les petits ruminants marocains est la premiĂšre Ă  chercher des marques Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques en relation avec l’environnement chez des animaux d’élevage et Ă  les comparer avec les marques gĂ©nĂ©tiques prĂ©sentes chez ces mĂȘmes animaux. Au vu de nos rĂ©sultats nous supposons que la variation de tempĂ©ratures pourrait avoir deux types d’effet sur les animaux pouvant impacter les voies biologiques que nous avons dĂ©tectĂ©es. Un premier effet, direct, qui influencerait les mĂ©canismes de thermorĂ©gulation, et un second effet, indirect, en relation avec la quantitĂ© et la qualitĂ© des ressources alimentaires disponibles. La comparaison entre les deux mĂ©canismes et les deux espĂšces nous a permis de trouver des voies biologiques impactĂ©es similaires, mais aucun gĂšne en commun.Ces rĂ©sultats montrent le rĂŽle des mĂ©canismes gĂ©nĂ©tiques et Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques dans l’ajustement des phĂ©notypes Ă  l’environnement. Dans un contexte de changements climatiques, il semble important de les prendre en compte pour dĂ©velopper des stratĂ©gies d’élevage en lien avec ces variations.Organisms can be confronted with more or less important variations in their environment (climate, health, etc...). In response to these variations, three types of mechanisms can be put in place to adjust their phenotype with the environment: choice of a favorable habitat, adaptation and acclimatization. In the case of domestic animals, the choice of habitat is not possible, but the last two mechanisms can be revealed by studying the presence of respectively genetic and epigenetic markers in the genome of individuals. The aim of this thesis was to highlight these two types of mechanisms in small ruminants (sheep and goats) in relation to the breeds history and their environment.First, we analyzed whole genome data to search selection signatures in 11 French goat breeds. On one hand, this analysis allowed us to explore their histories, to understand possible crossbreeding between them and to compare these results with the historical data collected. On the other hand, selected genes related to agronomic traits of interest such as milk production (21 genes), reproduction (14 genes), immunity (11 genes), as well as morphological traits specific to the breeds studied (28 genes) were highlighted.In a second step, we studied the two types of mechanisms in Moroccan goats and sheep which were chosen to form two groups at each end of a temperature variation gradient. The analysis of genetic differences between the two groups, for each species, allowed to locate selected regions in relation to genes involved in environmental perception (5 genes), immunity (4 genes), reproduction (8 genes) and production (11 genes). We have also sequenced regions of the genome bearing methyl groups in these same animals. Analysis of the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the two groups allowed to find 2 DMRs (one in each species) in relation, among other things, to milk quality and production. This study of adaptation and acclimatization mechanisms in Moroccan small ruminants is the first to look for epigenetic marks in relation to the environment in farm animals and to compare them with genetic marks present in these same animals. Based on our results, we hypothesize that temperature variation could have two types of effects on animals that could impact the biological pathways we detected. A first effect, direct, which would influence the thermoregulation mechanisms, and a second effect, indirect, in relation to the quantity and quality of available food resources. The comparison between the two mechanisms, and the two species, allowed to find similar impacted biological pathways, but no gene in common.These results show the role of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in the adjustment of phenotypes to the environment. In a context of climate change, it seems important to take them into account to develop breeding strategies related to these variations

    Mécanismes génétiques et épigénétiques sous-jacents aux relations phénotype - environnement chez les petits ruminants

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    Organisms can be confronted with more or less important variations in their environment (climate, health, etc...). In response to these variations, three types of mechanisms can be put in place to adjust their phenotype with the environment: choice of a favorable habitat, adaptation and acclimatization. In the case of domestic animals, the choice of habitat is not possible, but the last two mechanisms can be revealed by studying the presence of respectively genetic and epigenetic markers in the genome of individuals. The aim of this thesis was to highlight these two types of mechanisms in small ruminants (sheep and goats) in relation to the breeds history and their environment.First, we analyzed whole genome data to search selection signatures in 11 French goat breeds. On one hand, this analysis allowed us to explore their histories, to understand possible crossbreeding between them and to compare these results with the historical data collected. On the other hand, selected genes related to agronomic traits of interest such as milk production (21 genes), reproduction (14 genes), immunity (11 genes), as well as morphological traits specific to the breeds studied (28 genes) were highlighted.In a second step, we studied the two types of mechanisms in Moroccan goats and sheep which were chosen to form two groups at each end of a temperature variation gradient. The analysis of genetic differences between the two groups, for each species, allowed to locate selected regions in relation to genes involved in environmental perception (5 genes), immunity (4 genes), reproduction (8 genes) and production (11 genes). We have also sequenced regions of the genome bearing methyl groups in these same animals. Analysis of the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between the two groups allowed to find 2 DMRs (one in each species) in relation, among other things, to milk quality and production. This study of adaptation and acclimatization mechanisms in Moroccan small ruminants is the first to look for epigenetic marks in relation to the environment in farm animals and to compare them with genetic marks present in these same animals. Based on our results, we hypothesize that temperature variation could have two types of effects on animals that could impact the biological pathways we detected. A first effect, direct, which would influence the thermoregulation mechanisms, and a second effect, indirect, in relation to the quantity and quality of available food resources. The comparison between the two mechanisms, and the two species, allowed to find similar impacted biological pathways, but no gene in common.These results show the role of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in the adjustment of phenotypes to the environment. In a context of climate change, it seems important to take them into account to develop breeding strategies related to these variations.Les organismes vivants peuvent ĂȘtre confrontĂ©s Ă  des variations plus ou moins importantes de leur environnement (qu’il soit climatique, sanitaire, etc
). En rĂ©ponse Ă  ces variations, trois types de mĂ©canismes peuvent ĂȘtre mis en place pour ajuster leur phĂ©notype et l’environnement : le choix d’un habitat favorable, l’adaptation et l‘acclimatation. Dans le cas des animaux domestiques, le choix de de l’habitat n’est pas possible mais les deux derniers mĂ©canismes peuvent ĂȘtre mis en Ă©vidence en Ă©tudiant respectivement la prĂ©sence de marques gĂ©nĂ©tiques et Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques dans le gĂ©nome des individus. Le but de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de mettre en Ă©vidence ces deux types de mĂ©canismes chez les petits ruminants (chĂšvres et moutons) en rapport avec l’histoire des races et leur environnement.Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysĂ© des donnĂ©es de gĂ©nomes complets pour chercher des signatures de sĂ©lection chez onze races caprines françaises. Cette analyse nous a d’abord permis d’explorer leurs histoires, de comprendre les croisements possibles entre elles et de confronter ces rĂ©sultats aux donnĂ©es historiques collectĂ©es. De plus des gĂšnes sous sĂ©lection en rapport avec des caractĂšres d’intĂ©rĂȘt agronomique tels que la production laitiĂšre (21 gĂšnes), la reproduction (14 gĂšnes), l’immunitĂ© (11 gĂšnes), ainsi que des caractĂšres morphologiques spĂ©cifiques aux races Ă©tudiĂ©es (28 gĂšnes) ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence.Dans un second temps, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les deux types de mĂ©canismes chez des chĂšvres et des moutons marocains qui ont Ă©tĂ© choisis pour former deux groupes Ă  chaque extrĂ©mitĂ© d’un gradient de variation de tempĂ©ratures. L’analyse des diffĂ©rences gĂ©nĂ©tiques entre les deux groupes, pour chaque espĂšce, nous a permis de localiser des rĂ©gions sous sĂ©lection en relation avec des gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans la perception de l’environnement (5 gĂšnes), l’immunitĂ© (4 gĂšnes), la reproduction (8 gĂšnes) et la production (11 gĂšnes). Nous avons aussi sĂ©quencĂ© les rĂ©gions du gĂ©nome portant des groupements mĂ©thyles chez ces mĂȘmes animaux. L’analyse des rĂ©gions diffĂ©rentiellement mĂ©thylĂ©es (DMR) entre les deux groupes nous a permis de trouver 2 DMRs (une chez chaque espĂšce) en relation, entre autre, avec la production et la qualitĂ© du lait. Cette Ă©tude des mĂ©canismes d’adaptation et d’acclimatation chez les petits ruminants marocains est la premiĂšre Ă  chercher des marques Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques en relation avec l’environnement chez des animaux d’élevage et Ă  les comparer avec les marques gĂ©nĂ©tiques prĂ©sentes chez ces mĂȘmes animaux. Au vu de nos rĂ©sultats nous supposons que la variation de tempĂ©ratures pourrait avoir deux types d’effet sur les animaux pouvant impacter les voies biologiques que nous avons dĂ©tectĂ©es. Un premier effet, direct, qui influencerait les mĂ©canismes de thermorĂ©gulation, et un second effet, indirect, en relation avec la quantitĂ© et la qualitĂ© des ressources alimentaires disponibles. La comparaison entre les deux mĂ©canismes et les deux espĂšces nous a permis de trouver des voies biologiques impactĂ©es similaires, mais aucun gĂšne en commun.Ces rĂ©sultats montrent le rĂŽle des mĂ©canismes gĂ©nĂ©tiques et Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques dans l’ajustement des phĂ©notypes Ă  l’environnement. Dans un contexte de changements climatiques, il semble important de les prendre en compte pour dĂ©velopper des stratĂ©gies d’élevage en lien avec ces variations

    Genetic Variations and Differential DNA Methylation to Face Contrasted Climates in Small Ruminants: An Analysis on Traditionally-Managed Sheep and Goats

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    International audienceThe way in which living organisms mobilize a combination of long-term adaptive mechanisms and short-term phenotypic plasticity to face environmental variations is still largely unknown. In the context of climate change, understanding the genetic and epigenetic bases for adaptation and plasticity is a major stake for preserving genomic resources and the resilience capacity of livestock populations. We characterized both epigenetic and genetic variations by contrasting 22 sheep and 21 goats from both sides of a climate gradient, focusing on free-ranging populations from Morocco. We produced for each individual Whole-Genome Sequence at 12X coverage and MeDIP-Seq data, to identify regions under selection and those differentially methylated. For both species, the analysis of genetic differences (F ST ) along the genome between animals from localities with high vs. low temperature annual variations detected candidate genes under selection in relation to environmental perception (5 genes), immunity (4 genes), reproduction (8 genes) and production (11 genes). Moreover, we found for each species one differentially methylated gene, namely AGPTA4 in goat and SLIT3 in sheep, which were both related, among other functions, to milk production and muscle development. In both sheep and goats, the comparison between genomic regions impacted by genetic and epigenetic variations suggests that climatic variations impacted similar biological pathways but different genes

    Projection of current and future distribution of adaptive genetic units in an alpine ungulate

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    Raw reads are available under the NCBI bioproject “PRJNA813419” (Accession number for BioSamples: SAMN26501511 - SAMN26502071 and SRA: SRR18252263-SRR18252823).International audienceClimate projections predict major changes in alpine environments by the end of the 21st century. To avoid climate-induced maladaptation and extinction, many animal populations will either need to move to more suitable habitats or adapt in situ to novel conditions. Since populations of a species exhibit genetic variation related to local adaptation, it is important to incorporate this variation into predictive models to help assess the ability of the species to survive climate change. Here, we evaluate how the adaptive genetic variation of a mountain ungulate-the Northern chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra)-could be impacted by future global warming. Based on genotype-environment association analyses of 429 chamois using a ddRAD sequencing approach, we identified genetic variation associated with climatic gradients across the European Alps. We then delineated adaptive genetic units and projected the optimal distribution of these adaptive groups in the future. Our results suggest the presence of local adaptation to climate in Northern chamois with similar genetic adaptive responses in geographically distant but climatically similar populations. Furthermore, our results predict that future climatic changes will modify the Northern chamois adaptive landscape considerably, with various degrees of maladaptation risk
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