Effet protecteur des feuilles de Opilia celtidifolia contre l’ulcère induit par l’éthanol chez le rat

Opilia celtidifolia est une plante traditionnellement utilisée contre les plaies et l’ulcère gastro duodénal. Le but de ce travail était d’étudier l’activité antiulcéreuse des extraits aqueux de cette de la plante. Des extraits aqueux, total et épuisé, ont été préparés par décoction. Le décoté total a été testé à 100 et 200 mg/kg et le décocté épuisé à100 mg/kg. Le Sucralfate a été utilisé comme témoin positif à la dose de 1000 mg/kg et le groupe non traité a reçu de l’eau distillée à10 ml/kg. Les extraits ont été administrés par voie intragastrique, une heure après, 0,5 ml d’éthanol à 90% a été administré aux animaux pour provoquer l’ulcère pendant une heure. Après ce temps, les rats ont été sacrifiés. L’estomac de chaque rat a été ouvert pour observer et compter les ulcères. L’indice d’ulcère a été exprimé et le pourcentage de protection a été calculé. A 100mg/kg, le décocté épuisé a induit une protection de la muqueuse de 75%, contre 31% pour le décocté total. Le Sucralfate, utilisé comme témoin a présenté une protection de 87,50%. Ces résultats démontrent que les feuilles de Opilia celtidifolia peuvent intervenir dans le traitement de l’ulcère gastrique. La mise au point d’un phytomédicament contre l’ulcère gastrique à base des feuilles de cette plante est donc envisageable.Mots clés : Opilia celtidifolia, protection, ulcère gastrique

Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects of Guiera Senegalensis J. F. Gmel (Combretaceae)

Medicinal plants are the local heritage with global importance. They have curative properties due to presence of various complex chemical substances of different composition, which are found as secondary plant metabolites in one or more parts of these plants. These plant metabolites according to their composition are grouped as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins etc...Guiera SenegalensisnbspJ. F. Gmel. (Combretaceae) is one of the most important West African medicinal plants, often used to treat a variety of microbial infections.nbs

Étude des effets indésirables lies à l’administration de Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine et Amodiaquine lors de la chimio prévention du paludisme saisonnier au Mali

Objectif : L’objectif de notre étude était d’étudier les effets indésirables liés à l’administration de la Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine et Amodiaquine lors de la Chimioprévention du paludisme saisonnier (CPS) de 2015 à 2016, dans dix districts sanitaires du Mali. Population et Méthode : Notre démarche méthodologique était basée sur la collecte des données des effets indésirables à travers une fiche de notification après l’administration des molécules de la Chimio prévention du paludisme saisonnier (Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine et Amodiaquine) aux enfants de moins de cinq ans. Les données ont été collectées dans les districts sanitaires de : Nioro du sahel, Nara, Ouelessebougou, Bougouni, Kadiolo, Barouéli, Bla, Ségou, Koro, Tenenkou. Résultats : Durant notre étude, nous avons enregistré 131 cas d’effets indésirables présentés par 104 enfants. Le district sanitaire de Tenenkou a enregistré plus de cas de notification (50%), suivi par Nioro du sahel (13%). Les troubles digestifs étaient les plus représentés soit 83,2%. L’évolution de l’ensemble des effets indésirables étaient favorables pour tous les enfants. Conclusion : Le renforcement du système de pharmacovigilance au Mali à travers la formation continue des personnels sanitaires en vue d’une notification continue des effets indésirables pourrait améliorer la prise en charge des effets indésirables liés aux médicaments de la chimio prévention du paludisme saisonnier

Délivrance des antipaludiques sur conseil dans les officines privées du district de Bamako, Mali

Contexte et objectif : Le paludisme est une maladie bien connue de la population malienne, le conseil à l’officine est de plus en plus demander dans sa prise en charge par la population. En vue de mieux cerner la problématique de délivrance des antipaludiques sans ordonnance, nous avons initié la présente étude avec comme objectif d’étudier la pratique de la délivrance des antipaludiques sans ordonnance conformément aux directives du programme national de lutte contre le paludisme au Mali. Population et Méthode : Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale descriptive sur la délivrance des antipaludiques sur conseil. Nous avons retenu dans l’étude tous les clients âgés de 15 ans et plus, reçus dans les officines de Bamako pour une demande d’antipaludique sans ordonnance pour lui-même ou pour une autre personne après leur consentement éclairé. Résultats : L’étude a été réalisée dans 199 sur les 230 officines que compte le district de Bamako, nous avons enregistré 466 demandes de conseil. Le sexe ration M/F était de 1,7 et 28,9% des clients auxquels le médicament est destiné ont moins 20 ans, dans 52,4% des cas le client n’est pas le malade. Les combinaisons thérapeutiques à base d’artémisinine ont été les plus conseillés (52%). La Sulfadoxine Pyriméthamine a été l’antipaludique le plus acheté parmi les antipaludiques non CTA. Dans 21% des cas les antipaludiques étaient associés aux antibiotiques Conclusion : L’officine est le premier recours dans le système de santé pour la majorité des clients présentant une suspicion clinique de paludism

Impact of Crop Diversification on Household Food and Nutrition Security in Southern and Central Mali

Many African countries, including Mali, depend on the production of a single or a limited range of crops for national food security. In Mali, this heavy reliance on a range of basic commodities or staple crops, or even just one, exacerbates multiple risks to agricultural production, rural livelihoods, and nutrition. With this in mind, the smart food campaign was initiated to strengthen the resilience and nutritional situation of households and peasant communities where the diet is mainly cereal-based and remains very undiversified and poor in essential micronutrients. As part of the campaign, our study aims to analyze the impact of agricultural diversification on food consumption and household nutritional security. The analysis uses survey data from 332 individuals randomly selected. Multinomial logistic regression and the Simpson diversity index were used to determine the index and estimate the determinants of crop diversification. The consumption score index weighted by consumption frequency and anthropometric indices (for children) were used to assess the nutritional status of households. The results show four types of strategies of diversification: 7.55% are cereals only, 5.66% combine millet–sorghum–groundnut, 41.51% combine millet–sorghum–groundnut–cowpea, and 45.28% combine millet–sorghum–groundnut–cowpea–maize. The estimation of the regression model shows that socioeconomic factors have a positive influence. With a consumption score index of 34 in the villages and 40.5 in Bamako, based on eight food groups, we find that the quality of food is insufficient in rural areas, but it is acceptable in the urban center of Bamako. Analysis of the nutritional status of children aged 6–48 months reveals that 30% of the surveyed population is in a situation of nutritional insecurity (all forms combined). To help improve crop diversification and the nutritional quality of foods, we suggest, among other things, subsidies and public spending tofacilitate access to inputs that allow the acquisition of a wider range of inputs and services, intensification of nutrition awareness, and education programs to maximize the incentive to consume nutritious foods from self-production and market purchases. Finally, we propose to facilitate access to technologies promoting food diversification and improving food and nutritional security, particularly in rural areas

Circulating adrenomedullin estimates survival and reversibility of organ failure in sepsis: the prospective observational multinational Adrenomedullin and Outcome in Sepsis and Septic Shock-1 (AdrenOSS-1) study

Background: Adrenomedullin (ADM) regulates vascular tone and endothelial permeability during sepsis. Levels of circulating biologically active ADM (bio-ADM) show an inverse relationship with blood pressure and a direct relationship with vasopressor requirement. In the present prospective observational multinational Adrenomedullin and Outcome in Sepsis and Septic Shock 1 (, AdrenOSS-1) study, we assessed relationships between circulating bio-ADM during the initial intensive care unit (ICU) stay and short-term outcome in order to eventually design a biomarker-guided randomized controlled trial. Methods: AdrenOSS-1 was a prospective observational multinational study. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included organ failure as defined by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, organ support with focus on vasopressor/inotropic use, and need for renal replacement therapy. AdrenOSS-1 included 583 patients admitted to the ICU with sepsis or septic shock. Results: Circulating bio-ADM levels were measured upon admission and at day 2. Median bio-ADM concentration upon admission was 80.5 pg/ml [IQR 41.5-148.1 pg/ml]. Initial SOFA score was 7 [IQR 5-10], and 28-day mortality was 22%. We found marked associations between bio-ADM upon admission and 28-day mortality (unadjusted standardized HR 2.3 [CI 1.9-2.9]; adjusted HR 1.6 [CI 1.1-2.5]) and between bio-ADM levels and SOFA score (p < 0.0001). Need of vasopressor/inotrope, renal replacement therapy, and positive fluid balance were more prevalent in patients with a bio-ADM > 70 pg/ml upon admission than in those with bio-ADM ≤ 70 pg/ml. In patients with bio-ADM > 70 pg/ml upon admission, decrease in bio-ADM below 70 pg/ml at day 2 was associated with recovery of organ function at day 7 and better 28-day outcome (9.5% mortality). By contrast, persistently elevated bio-ADM at day 2 was associated with prolonged organ dysfunction and high 28-day mortality (38.1% mortality, HR 4.9, 95% CI 2.5-9.8). Conclusions: AdrenOSS-1 shows that early levels and rapid changes in bio-ADM estimate short-term outcome in sepsis and septic shock. These data are the backbone of the design of the biomarker-guided AdrenOSS-2 trial. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02393781. Registered on March 19, 2015

Microdroplet-Enabled Highly Parallel Co-Cultivation of Microbial Communities

Microbial interactions in natural microbiota are, in many cases, crucial for the sustenance of the communities, but the precise nature of these interactions remain largely unknown because of the inherent complexity and difficulties in laboratory cultivation. Conventional pure culture-oriented cultivation does not account for these interactions mediated by small molecules, which severely limits its utility in cultivating and studying “unculturable” microorganisms from synergistic communities. In this study, we developed a simple microfluidic device for highly parallel co-cultivation of symbiotic microbial communities and demonstrated its effectiveness in discovering synergistic interactions among microbes. Using aqueous micro-droplets dispersed in a continuous oil phase, the device could readily encapsulate and co-cultivate subsets of a community. A large number of droplets, up to ∼1,400 in a 10 mm×5 mm chamber, were generated with a frequency of 500 droplets/sec. A synthetic model system consisting of cross-feeding E. coli mutants was used to mimic compositions of symbionts and other microbes in natural microbial communities. Our device was able to detect a pair-wise symbiotic relationship when one partner accounted for as low as 1% of the total population or each symbiont was about 3% of the artificial community

Human milk and mucosal lacto- and galacto-N-biose synthesis by transgalactosylation and their prebiotic potential in Lactobacillus species

Lacto-N-biose (LNB) and galacto-N-biose (GNB) are major building blocks of free oligosaccharides and glycan moieties of glyco-complexes present in human milk and gastrointestinal mucosa. We have previously characterized the phospho-β-galactosidase GnbG from Lactobacillus casei BL23 that is involved in the metabolism of LNB and GNB. GnbG has been used here in transglycosylation reactions, and it showed the production of LNB and GNB with N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine as acceptors, respectively. The reaction kinetics demonstrated that GnbG can convert 69 ± 4 and 71 ± 1 % of o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside into LNB and GNB, respectively. Those reactions were performed in a semi-preparative scale, and the synthesized disaccharides were purified. The maximum yield obtained for LNB was 10.7 ± 0.2 g/l and for GNB was 10.8 ± 0.3 g/l. NMR spectroscopy confirmed the molecular structures of both carbohydrates and the absence of reaction byproducts, which also supports that GnbG is specific for β1,3-glycosidic linkages. The purified sugars were subsequently tested for their potential prebiotic properties using Lactobacillus species. The results showed that LNB and GNB were fermented by the tested strains of L. casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (except L. rhamnosus strain ATCC 53103), Lactobacillus zeae, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus johnsonii. DNA hybridization experiments suggested that the metabolism of those disaccharides in 9 out of 10 L. casei strains, all L. rhamnosus strains and all L. zeae strains tested relies upon a phospho-β-galactosidase homologous to GnbG. The results presented here support the putative role of human milk oligosaccharides for selective enrichment of beneficial intestinal microbiota in breast-fed infants

Carbohydrate Metabolism Is Essential for the Colonization of Streptococcus thermophilus in the Digestive Tract of Gnotobiotic Rats

Streptococcus thermophilus is the archetype of lactose-adapted bacterium and so far, its sugar metabolism has been mainly investigated in vitro. The objective of this work was to study the impact of lactose and lactose permease on S. thermophilus physiology in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of gnotobiotic rats. We used rats mono-associated with LMD-9 strain and receiving 4.5% lactose. This model allowed the analysis of colonization curves of LMD-9, its metabolic profile, its production of lactate and its interaction with the colon epithelium. Lactose induced a rapid and high level of S. thermophilus in the GIT, where its activity led to 49 mM of intra-luminal L-lactate that was related to the induction of mono-carboxylic transporter mRNAs (SLC16A1 and SLC5A8) and p27Kip1 cell cycle arrest protein in epithelial cells. In the presence of a continuous lactose supply, S. thermophilus recruited proteins involved in glycolysis and induced the metabolism of alternative sugars as sucrose, galactose, and glycogen. Moreover, inactivation of the lactose transporter, LacS, delayed S. thermophilus colonization. Our results show i/that lactose constitutes a limiting factor for colonization of S. thermophilus, ii/that activation of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism constitutes the metabolic signature of S. thermophilus in the GIT, iii/that the production of lactate settles the dialogue with colon epithelium. We propose a metabolic model of management of carbohydrate resources by S. thermophilus in the GIT. Our results are in accord with the rationale that nutritional allegation via consumption of yogurt alleviates the symptoms of lactose intolerance

T4-Related Bacteriophage LIMEstone Isolates for the Control of Soft Rot on Potato Caused by ‘Dickeya solani’

The bacterium ‘Dickeya solani’, an aggressive biovar 3 variant of Dickeya dianthicola, causes rotting and blackleg in potato. To control this pathogen using bacteriophage therapy, we isolated and characterized two closely related and specific bacteriophages, vB_DsoM_LIMEstone1 and vB_DsoM_LIMEstone2. The LIMEstone phages have a T4-related genome organization and share DNA similarity with Salmonella phage ViI. Microbiological and molecular characterization of the phages deemed them suitable and promising for use in phage therapy. The phages reduced disease incidence and severity on potato tubers in laboratory assays. In addition, in a field trial of potato tubers, when infected with ‘Dickeya solani’, the experimental phage treatment resulted in a higher yield. These results form the basis for the development of a bacteriophage-based biocontrol of potato plants and tubers as an alternative for the use of antibiotics