Специфіка формування гендерних парадигм: історико-філософський аспект (The specificity of formation of gender paradigms: methotodologically-philosophical aspect)

Проаналізовано специфіку становлення уявлень про “чоловіче” та “жіноче” у концепціях мислителів різних епох. Визначено понятійний ряд, який відображає зміст основних ідей у розумінні статевості. (The specificity of incipience of the ideas about “male” and “female” in the concepts of thinkers in different epochs is analyzed. National range, which reflects content of the main ideals in the understanding of sexuality is determined

Taking rhetoric to work : a dramatistic analysis of organizational leadership in The Office

This thesis focuses on ways that rhetorical theory can assist in better understanding the dysfunctions of the modern organizational environment. At its root, organizational dysfunction refers to those parts of our organizations that do not function as we think they should. Dysfunction points to “actions of organizational members that defies and violates shared organizational norms and expectations or core societal values, mores and standards of proper conduct.”1 As an element of focus, this thesis uses Kenneth Burke’s theory of dramatism and dramatistic methods such as pentadic criticism and cluster criticism to analyze leadership actions within the fictional BBC television programme The Office. Using The Office as a representative case study, the analysis applies Burke’s theories, and particularly the pentadic elements of Agent, Scene, and Act to gain a more complete picture of the role an office manager can play in an organization’s dysfunction. A more complete picture can then assist in finding solutions to that dysfunction. Burke’s methods allow for a critic to gain multiple perspectives on the same situation by attributing different terms of the pentad to the same elements of the situation being described. When looking for causes of dysfunction in an organization, often formal leaders are held accountable. But what does it mean to blame the leader? What specific role have they played in the dysfunction? Using Burke’s pentad, this thesis explores three roles that office manager David Brent plays in the organizational dysfunction. The first chapter explores office leader Brent as an Agent of dysfunction and analyzes his own dysfunctions in order to understand the office’s dysfunctions. The second chapter looks at the ramifications for labeling Brent as part of the Scene and analyzes how Brent and other scenic elements combine to create office dysfunction. In the final analysis chapter, Brent is labeled as an Act of dysfunction himself which positions Brent as a mere symptom of a larger dysfunction within the organization. The perspectives are combined and contrasted to reveal insights that may have been previously hidden proving that rhetorical theory is a valuable approach to better understand organizations and the people within them. 1 Y. Vardi and Y. Weiner. “Misbehaviour in Organizations: A Motivational Framework”, Organizational Science, (7,1996) 151-65

Indigenous Women’s Experiences of Colonial Violence by the Canadian Legal System in the Context of their Intimate Partner Violence Relationships

Contemporary violence against Indigenous women (VAIW) is enacted through a comprehensive range of state agencies designed to oppress Indigenous peoples so they cannot challenge settler colonial dominion. One such state agency is that of the Canadian Legal System (CLS). Tasked with upholding the authority of the settler colonial state, the CLS enacts institutional and structural violence to reproduce conditions of marginalization and oppression of Indigenous people. One avenue in which this violence is enacted is found in inadequate CLS response to epidemic rates of VAIW. Despite multiple calls to action and justice which specifically name the CLS, rates of VAIW remain high, particularly rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) against Indigenous women. As the CLS is the de facto response to violent victimization and IPV, Indigenous women are forced to turn to an institution that has demonstrated indifference to their victimization. This thesis investigates Indigenous women’s’ experience of colonial violence by and through the CLS in the context of their IPV relationship. Using an Indigenous feminist framework to critically analyze 30 Indigenous women’s narratives of seeking out the CLS to address their IPV victimization reveals several common experiences. Findings revealed an overarching experience of colonial violence - comprised of and experienced as institutional and structural violence – that has served to reproduce the conditions in which these women initially underwent violence, resulting in more opportunities for their continual victimization and revictimization. CLS inaction to meaningfully address their IPV victimization stemmed from latent bias and assumptions of Indigenous women as culpable, and thus, deserving of the violence they were experiencing. When reporting violence, many reported being met with skepticism about whether they experienced violence at all, and disbelief about the severity of that violence. Whether through inaction or direct action, the CLS contributes to these Indigenous women’s experiences of IPV. It becomes apparent that the CLS’s response to VAIW, particularly IPV against Indigenous women, is a continuation of the settler colonial project of elimination, making it clear that the CLS has no role in addressing IPV and VAIW in Indigenous communities

Halogen atom participation in guiding the stereochemical outcomes of acetal substitution reactions

Bio-organic Synthesi

Sensory memory is allocated exclusively to the current event-segment

YesThe Atkinson-Shiffrin modal model forms the foundation of our understanding of human memory. It consists of three stores (Sensory Memory (SM), also called iconic memory, Short-Term Memory (STM), and Long-Term Memory (LTM)), each tuned to a different time-scale. Since its inception, the STM and LTM components of the modal model have undergone significant modifications, while SM has remained largely unchanged, representing a large capacity system funneling information into STM. In the laboratory, visual memory is usually tested by presenting a brief static stimulus and, after a delay, asking observers to report some aspect of the stimulus. However, under ecological viewing conditions, our visual system receives a continuous stream of inputs, which is segmented into distinct spatio-temporal segments, called events. Events are further segmented into event-segments. Here we show that SM is not an unspecific general funnel to STM but is allocated exclusively to the current event-segment. We used a Multiple-Object Tracking (MOT) paradigm in which observers were presented with disks moving in different directions, along bi-linear trajectories, i.e., linear trajectories, with a single deviation in direction at the mid-point of each trajectory. The synchronized deviation of all of the trajectories produced an event stimulus consisting of two event-segments. Observers reported the pre-deviation or the post-deviation directions of the trajectories. By analyzing observers' responses in partial- and full-report conditions, we investigated the involvement of SM for the two event-segments. The hallmarks of SM hold only for the current event segment. As the large capacity SM stores only items involved in the current event-segment, the need for event-tagging in SM is eliminated, speeding up processing in active vision. By characterizing how memory systems are interfaced with ecological events, this new model extends the Atkinson-Shiffrin model by specifying how events are stored in the first stage of multi-store memory systems

Bottlenecks of motion processing during a visual glance: the leaky flask model

YesWhere do the bottlenecks for information and attention lie when our visual system processes incoming stimuli? The human visual system encodes the incoming stimulus and transfers its contents into three major memory systems with increasing time scales, viz., sensory (or iconic) memory, visual short-term memory (VSTM), and long-term memory (LTM). It is commonly believed that the major bottleneck of information processing resides in VSTM. In contrast to this view, we show major bottlenecks for motion processing prior to VSTM. In the first experiment, we examined bottlenecks at the stimulus encoding stage through a partial-report technique by delivering the cue immediately at the end of the stimulus presentation. In the second experiment, we varied the cue delay to investigate sensory memory and VSTM. Performance decayed exponentially as a function of cue delay and we used the time-constant of the exponential-decay to demarcate sensory memory from VSTM. We then decomposed performance in terms of quality and quantity measures to analyze bottlenecks along these dimensions. In terms of the quality of information, two thirds to three quarters of the motion-processing bottleneck occurs in stimulus encoding rather than memory stages. In terms of the quantity of information, the motion-processing bottleneck is distributed, with the stimulus-encoding stage accounting for one third of the bottleneck. The bottleneck for the stimulus-encoding stage is dominated by the selection compared to the filtering function of attention. We also found that the filtering function of attention is operating mainly at the sensory memory stage in a specific manner, i.e., influencing only quantity and sparing quality. These results provide a novel and more complete understanding of information processing and storage bottlenecks for motion processing.Supported by R01 EY018165 and P30 EY007551 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH)

The role of donor flexibility in downward accountability

This research examines how donor and funding flexibility can be fostered to achieve downward accountability in development projects. It offers a case study example of a Canadian province’s 2006–2008 food security initiative that was found to have had flexible funding and provides an example of conditions necessary to provide flexible funding. The findings first suggest there are varying degrees of funding flexibility, and that they are consistent with different models of development. Specific to the provision of flexible funding, the research indicates that adopting a process-focused approach to development will enable donors to provide flexible funding. It is also identified that accountability measures need to be adjusted to reflect a more qualitative approach that prioritizes the target audience’s assessment of outcomes

Indigenous Women’s Experiences of Colonial Violence by the Canadian Legal System in the Context of their Intimate Partner Violence Relationships

Contemporary violence against Indigenous women (VAIW) is enacted through a comprehensive range of state agencies designed to oppress Indigenous peoples so they cannot challenge settler colonial dominion. One such state agency is that of the Canadian Legal System (CLS). Tasked with upholding the authority of the settler colonial state, the CLS enacts institutional and structural violence to reproduce conditions of marginalization and oppression of Indigenous people. One avenue in which this violence is enacted is found in inadequate CLS response to epidemic rates of VAIW. Despite multiple calls to action and justice which specifically name the CLS, rates of VAIW remain high, particularly rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) against Indigenous women. As the CLS is the de facto response to violent victimization and IPV, Indigenous women are forced to turn to an institution that has demonstrated indifference to their victimization. This thesis investigates Indigenous women’s’ experience of colonial violence by and through the CLS in the context of their IPV relationship. Using an Indigenous feminist framework to critically analyze 30 Indigenous women’s narratives of seeking out the CLS to address their IPV victimization reveals several common experiences. Findings revealed an overarching experience of colonial violence - comprised of and experienced as institutional and structural violence – that has served to reproduce the conditions in which these women initially underwent violence, resulting in more opportunities for their continual victimization and revictimization. CLS inaction to meaningfully address their IPV victimization stemmed from latent bias and assumptions of Indigenous women as culpable, and thus, deserving of the violence they were experiencing. When reporting violence, many reported being met with skepticism about whether they experienced violence at all, and disbelief about the severity of that violence. Whether through inaction or direct action, the CLS contributes to these Indigenous women’s experiences of IPV. It becomes apparent that the CLS’s response to VAIW, particularly IPV against Indigenous women, is a continuation of the settler colonial project of elimination, making it clear that the CLS has no role in addressing IPV and VAIW in Indigenous communities

Going somewhere?, the pervasiveness of teleology in history and the 18th century great experiment to eliminate it

The writing of history is based on a teleological foundation. In the eighteenth-century, Voltaire and Hume used history to demolish the ' Ancien Regime'. Their methodology was a plain language description of the moral and intellectual bankruptcy of the aristocracy and the Church. Post-Enlightenment historians assumed that the plain language description still functioned in a purposeful way. Unfortunately the purpose and use of historical description, and the way historians used it after the Enlightenment was based on teleological assumptions about language, politics, culture, and society which few practising historians could ever begin to defend. These gratuitous and anti-theoretical assumptions are a teleological fallacy that threatens to compromise the integrity of contemporary historical studies. Even as Rationalism developed in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it did not replace the old irrational system based on Christian faith. In the post-Enlightenment the teleological "goal" changes from a static extrinsic objective to a process-based intrinsic ideal. Teleology now inheres within the plain language descriptive methodology as part of a building process. Six representative, influential philosopher-historians from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are studied and analyzed: Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Marx, and Ranke. In their work is the redevelopment and appropriation of teleology from telic goal to methodological purpose. Teleology in some form is an essential feature of the writing and understanding of history. Without a teleological framework there is no logical way to propose or understand a meaning in history. But it is where the telos resides that will determines the kind of history we produce and wherefrom its value is derived