El papel de los activos productivos en modos de vida rurales. La obtención de indicadores

Se realizó un estudio que demuestra la utilidad conceptual y práctica del enfoque de los modos de vida y la investigación rural participativa en el análisis de programas de desarrollo rural. Proporciona una valiosa herramienta con amplias posibilidades de adecuarse a planes y proyectos basados en la filosofía del desarrollo con enfoque territorial, así como nuevas perspectivas de análisis a favor del desarrollo rural sustentable. Demuestra que programas basados en la transferencia de activos productivos generan una diversidad de efectos económicos, sociales y ambientales, directos e indirectos, que intervienen en lasostenibilidad de los modos de vida de los beneficiarios.Se realizó un estudio que demuestra la utilidad conceptual y práctica del enfoque de los modos de vida y la investigación rural participativa en el análisis de programas de desarrollo rural. Proporciona una valiosa herramienta con amplias posibilidades de adecuarse a planes y proyectos basados en la filosofía del desarrollo con enfoque territorial, así como nuevas perspectivas de análisis a favor del desarrollo rural sustentable. Demuestra que programas basados en la transferencia de activos productivos generan una diversidad de efectos económicos, sociales y ambientales, directos e indirectos, que intervienen en lasostenibilidad de los modos de vida de los beneficiarios

Identificación de indicadores de impacto en un programa de gobierno y modos de vida rurales

Se realizó un estudio para identificar y apreciar posibles indicadores que complementen formas de evaluación externas a programas oficiales de intervención agropecuaria. Se tomó como estudio de caso el subprograma local "Apoyo a Proyectos de Inversión Rural" (PAPIR) de Desarrollo Rural de la Alianza Contigo. Se trabajó con un enfoque participativo con investigadores y personas beneficiarias del programa en el año 2004 en Villa Victoria, Estado de México. Se emplearon métodos de carácter cuantitativo y cualitativo considerando como enfoque a los modos de vida sustentables con el fin de interpretar los resultados desde un punto de vista amplio. Se concluyó que no existe suficiente evidencia para comprobar la operatividad funcional de las normas de operación oficiales, existe una tendencia del fomento al desarrollo rural mediante un enfoque territorial con una visión productiva. Los resultados denotan la presencia de indicadores sociales, económicos y ambientales consolidados y otros que interactúan entre sí, que no han sido considerados por la burocracia al determinar cómo evaluar el impacto del PAPIR. Se encontró que el tipo de apoyos otorgados no genera cambio alguno en el bienestar económico ni en el modo de vida de los beneficiarios

Caracterización mineralógica mediante percepción remota y posibilidad de drenaje ácido de roca en el distrito de San Bernardino

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad el análisis de los drenajes ácidos de roca (DAR) los cuales son uno de los grandes problemas que enfrenta hoy la industria minera, este problema es producto de la oxidación de minerales sulfurosos, proceso que ocurre tras el cierre y abandono de las minas; la investigación tiene como objetivo general caracterizar mineralógicamente zonas que generen drenaje acido de roca en el distrito de San Bernardino mediante percepción remota, usando un método aplicado tecnológica de diseño no experimental de carácter correlacional – causal El área donde se realizó las actividades se ubica en el Distrito de San Bernardino que es uno de los cuatro que conforman la Provincia de San Pablo, ubicada en el Departamento de Cajamarca. Para realizar el estudio se tuvo en cuenta el análisis de espectros de minerales acidogénicos teniendo como procedimiento: descarga, corrección, enmascaramiento, creación de base de datos espectrales y análisis espectral. Se tuvo como resultado la caracterización mineral de minerales de sulfuros la cual fue esencial para definir zonas que generará drenaje ácido, con minerales como pirita, calcopirita, esfalerita y cinabrio. Concluyéndose que a partir de la caracterización mineralógica mediante percepción remota y el uso de espectros de minerales sulfurosos es posible determinar zonas con posibilidad de drenaje acido de roca en el distrito de San Bernardino.The purpose of this research is the analysis of acid rock drains (DAR) which are one of the major problems facing the mining industry today, this problem is a product of the oxidation of sulphurous minerals, a process that occurs after the closure and abandonment of the mines; The general objective of the research is to mineralogically characterize areas that generate acid rock drainage in the San Bernardino district through remote sensing, using a technological applied method of non-experimental design of a correlational - causal nature. The area where the activities took place is located in the District of San Bernardino, which is one of the four that make up the Province of San Pablo, located in the Department of Cajamarca. To carry out the study, the analysis of spectra of acidogenic minerals was taken into account, with the following procedure: discharge, correction, masking, creation of a spectral database and spectral analysis. The result was the mineral characterization of sulfide minerals which was essential to define areas that will generate acid drainage, with minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and cinnabar. Concluding that from the mineralogical characterization through remote sensing and the use of sulphurous mineral spectra it is possible to determine areas with the possibility of acid rock drainage in the San Bernardino district

Estimulação magnética transcraniana de repetição associada a antidepressivo: início e intensidade da resposta antidepressiva

OBJECTIVE: Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been developed as a noninvasive method to stimulate the cortex, and the treatment of depression is one of its potential therapeutic applications. This report makes a review about add-on trials (hf-rTMS plus antidepressants) discuss whether rTMS does accelerate the onset of action, and increase the therapeutic effects of antidepressants. METHOD: The authors review controlled studies of nonconvulsive rTMS therapy for depression associated with antidepressants. In addition, the authors presented a randomized, double-blind, unicentric trial performed at Institute of Psychiatry of Faculty of Medicine of University of São Paulo with patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for non-psychotic severe depressive episode in order to assess if hf-rTMS augments and accelerates the onset of action of amytriptiline. RESULTS: Most data support an antidepressant effect of high-frequency repetitive TMS administered to the left prefrontal cortex. The absence of psychosis might predict treatment success. Technical parameters possibly affecting treatment success include intensity and duration of treatment, but these suggestions require systematic testing. CONCLUSIONS: rTMS shows promise as a novel antidepressant treatment. Systematic and large-scale studies are needed to identify patient populations most likely to benefit and treatment parameters most likely to produce success. In addition to its potential clinical role, TMS promises to provide insights into the pathophysiology of depression through research designs in which the ability of rTMS to alter brain activity is coupled with functional neuroimaging.OBJETIVOS: Avaliar diferentes estudos que analisam o grau de eficácia da resposta antidepressiva entre a associação de estimulação magnética transcraniana de repetição (EMTr) com antidepressivos em pacientes deprimidos graves. MÉTODOS: Os autores revisaram vários estudos em que a EMTr foi usada concomitantemente a antidepressivos em pacientes deprimidos graves. Adicionalmente, relatou-se um estudo feito no Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Estudo duplo-cego, randomizado, unicêntrico, placebo-controlado com 46 pacientes atendendo aos critérios diagnósticos da DSM-IV para episódio depressivo severo. Os pacientes estavam em uso de amitriptilina. RESULTADOS: De forma geral, a maioria dos estudos mostra que a EMTr apresenta boa eficácia antidepressiva quando associada a antidepressivos. Há grande diversidade de parâmetros técnicos utilizados, tipos de bobina, diferentes técnicas de placebo e uso de diferentes antidepressivos. O estudo realizado no Instituto de Psiquiatria mostrou que o emprego da EMTr de alta freqüência aumentou a resposta antidepressiva à amitriptilina e diminuiu o tempo para o início da resposta antidepressiva em relação ao grupo placebo. CONCLUSÕES: EMTr é um método novo, promissor e com grande potencial para o tratamento da depressão. Apesar disso, observa-se que não há ainda uniformidade no emprego dos parâmetros técnicos, nem tampouco das técnicas de placebo. O estudo realizado no Instituto de Psiquiatria do HC- FMUSP mostrou grandes taxas de resposta e remissão em relação ao grupo com estimulação sham e amitriptilna

Physicochemical characteristics and protein profile of oviductal and uterine fluids from domestic sheep

Oviductal (OF) and uterine (UF) fluids are a complex mixture of ions and macromolecules dissolved in water, derived from the secretions of secretory cells and transudates of the circulatory system. Through proteomics, OF and UF have been analyzed in different domestic species throughout the estrous cycle or during the first days of pregnancy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the volume, osmolarity, concentration and distribution pattern of proteins, as well as the identification of OVGP1, HSP70 and ezrin proteins for their importance in reproductive physiology, in OF and UF from adult criollo type domestic sheep during the early luteal phase of the estrous cycle. An average of 3.2±1.5 uL OF and 17±0.5 uL UF per reproductive system were obtained; osmolarity was 343±20.8 mOsm kg-1 and 280±96.2 mOsm kg-1 and protein concentration was 71.9±23.8 g L-1 and 21.8±1.1 g L-1, respectively. In the protein distribution pattern, 20 bands were observed in the OF and 14 bands in the UF. Of these, 14 and 8 were specific for OF and UF, respectively, and 6 were common for both. The spectra of the protein molecular weights were 24–324 and 29–353 kDa for OF and UF, respectively. The presence of OVPG1, HSP70 and ezrin proteins in both fluids was identified, being in greater quantity in the OF (P < 0.0005). The volume recovered from the UF was five times greater than that of the OF. Both osmolarity and protein concentration were higher in OF than in UF (1.2 and 3 times higher). The pattern of protein distribution between the OF and UF was different, being more complex in the OF. OVGP1, HSP70 and ezrin were identified in the OF and UF, and were found in greater quantities in the OF

Viral RNA load in plasma is associated with critical illness and a dysregulated host response in COVID‑19

Background. COVID-19 can course with respiratory and extrapulmonary disease. SARS-CoV-2 RNA is detected in respiratory samples but also in blood, stool and urine. Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a dysregulated host response to this virus. We studied whether viral RNAemia or viral RNA load in plasma is associated with severe COVID-19 and also to this dysregulated response. Methods. A total of 250 patients with COVID-19 were recruited (50 outpatients, 100 hospitalized ward patients and 100 critically ill). Viral RNA detection and quantification in plasma was performed using droplet digital PCR, targeting the N1 and N2 regions of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein gene. The association between SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and viral RNA load in plasma with severity was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. Correlations between viral RNA load and biomarkers evidencing dysregulation of host response were evaluated by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficients. Results. The frequency of viral RNAemia was higher in the critically ill patients (78%) compared to ward patients (27%) and outpatients (2%) (p < 0.001). Critical patients had higher viral RNA loads in plasma than non-critically ill patients, with non-survivors showing the highest values. When outpatients and ward patients were compared, viral RNAemia did not show significant associations in the multivariate analysis. In contrast, when ward patients were compared with ICU patients, both viral RNAemia and viral RNA load in plasma were associated with critical illness (OR [CI 95%], p): RNAemia (3.92 [1.183–12.968], 0.025), viral RNA load (N1) (1.962 [1.244–3.096], 0.004); viral RNA load (N2) (2.229 [1.382–3.595], 0.001). Viral RNA load in plasma correlated with higher levels of chemokines (CXCL10, CCL2), biomarkers indicative of a systemic inflammatory response (IL-6, CRP, ferritin), activation of NK cells (IL-15), endothelial dysfunction (VCAM-1, angiopoietin-2, ICAM-1), coagulation activation (D-Dimer and INR), tissue damage (LDH, GPT), neutrophil response (neutrophils counts, myeloperoxidase, GM-CSF) and immunodepression (PD-L1, IL-10, lymphopenia and monocytopenia). Conclusions. SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia and viral RNA load in plasma are associated with critical illness in COVID-19. Viral RNA load in plasma correlates with key signatures of dysregulated host responses, suggesting a major role of uncontrolled viral replication in the pathogenesis of this disease.This work was supported by awards from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Canadian 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Rapid Research Funding initiative (CIHR OV2 – 170357), Research Nova Scotia (DJK), Atlantic Genome/Genome Canada (DJK), Li-Ka Shing Foundation (DJK), Dalhousie Medical Research Foundation (DJK), the “Subvenciones de concesión directa para proyectos y programas de investigación del virus SARS‐CoV2, causante del COVID‐19”, FONDO–COVID19, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (COV20/00110, CIBERES, 06/06/0028), (AT) and fnally by the “Convocatoria extraordinaria y urgente de la Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León, para la fnanciación de proyectos de investigación en enfermedad COVID-19” (GRS COVID 53/A/20) (CA). DJK is a recipient of the Canada Research Chair in Translational Vaccinology and Infammation. APT was funded by the Sara Borrell Research Grant CD018/0123 funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-fnanced by the European Development Regional Fund (A Way to Achieve Europe programme). The funding sources did not play any role neither in the design of the study and collection, not in the analysis, in the interpretation of data or in writing the manuscript

Estudios de Caso sobre Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales en el siglo XXI.

Libro científico sobre estudios de casos en el medio agropecuario y ruralCon el advenimiento del siglo XXI y el avance de los procesos de globalización, el medio rural presenta diversos cambios económicos, sociales, políticos y culturales. Lo anterior significa que el campo es un objeto de estudio altamente dinámico, complejo e inasible. las ciencias agropecuarias y rurales, en la actualidad, requieren de un abordaje sistémico e interdisciplinario que den cuenta de la heterogeneidad de situaciones y contextos que enfrenta el campo mexicano. La presente obra agrupa 18 estudios de caso, que capturan algunas fotografías de las diversas problemáticas de la ruralidad mexicana, con lo cual se pretende dar cuenta tanto de los objetivos de estudio como de la perspectiva teórico metodológico desde que estos son abordados. lo anterior tiene que ver con el hecho de que las ciencias agropecuarias y rurales manifiestan un alto grado de observación empírica, motivo por el que los estudios de caso se convierten en la perspectiva metodológica idónea que permite ir y venir de la realidad a la teoría y viceversa para la construcción de objetos de estudio. En este volumen se aborda una gran diversidad de casos, que sintetizan la heterogeneidad de enfoques y perspectivas mediante las cuales los fenómenos agropecuarios y rurales han sido abordados en el Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Rurales de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, en los últimos 30 años

Estimulação magnética transcraniana de repetição associada a antidepressivo: início e intensidade da resposta antidepressiva Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation associated with antidepressant: start and intensive of the antidrepressant answer

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar diferentes estudos que analisam o grau de eficácia da resposta antidepressiva entre a associação de estimulação magnética transcraniana de repetição (EMTr) com antidepressivos em pacientes deprimidos graves. MÉTODOS: Os autores revisaram vários estudos em que a EMTr foi usada concomitantemente a antidepressivos em pacientes deprimidos graves. Adicionalmente, relatou-se um estudo feito no Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Estudo duplo-cego, randomizado, unicêntrico, placebo-controlado com 46 pacientes atendendo aos critérios diagnósticos da DSM-IV para episódio depressivo severo. Os pacientes estavam em uso de amitriptilina. RESULTADOS: De forma geral, a maioria dos estudos mostra que a EMTr apresenta boa eficácia antidepressiva quando associada a antidepressivos. Há grande diversidade de parâmetros técnicos utilizados, tipos de bobina, diferentes técnicas de placebo e uso de diferentes antidepressivos. O estudo realizado no Instituto de Psiquiatria mostrou que o emprego da EMTr de alta freqüência aumentou a resposta antidepressiva à amitriptilina e diminuiu o tempo para o início da resposta antidepressiva em relação ao grupo placebo. CONCLUSÕES: EMTr é um método novo, promissor e com grande potencial para o tratamento da depressão. Apesar disso, observa-se que não há ainda uniformidade no emprego dos parâmetros técnicos, nem tampouco das técnicas de placebo. O estudo realizado no Instituto de Psiquiatria do HC- FMUSP mostrou grandes taxas de resposta e remissão em relação ao grupo com estimulação sham e amitriptilna.<br>OBJECTIVE: Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been developed as a noninvasive method to stimulate the cortex, and the treatment of depression is one of its potential therapeutic applications. This report makes a review about add-on trials (hf-rTMS plus antidepressants) discuss whether rTMS does accelerate the onset of action, and increase the therapeutic effects of antidepressants. METHOD: The authors review controlled studies of nonconvulsive rTMS therapy for depression associated with antidepressants. In addition, the authors presented a randomized, double-blind, unicentric trial performed at Institute of Psychiatry of Faculty of Medicine of University of São Paulo with patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for non-psychotic severe depressive episode in order to assess if hf-rTMS augments and accelerates the onset of action of amytriptiline. RESULTS: Most data support an antidepressant effect of high-frequency repetitive TMS administered to the left prefrontal cortex. The absence of psychosis might predict treatment success. Technical parameters possibly affecting treatment success include intensity and duration of treatment, but these suggestions require systematic testing. CONCLUSIONS: rTMS shows promise as a novel antidepressant treatment. Systematic and large-scale studies are needed to identify patient populations most likely to benefit and treatment parameters most likely to produce success. In addition to its potential clinical role, TMS promises to provide insights into the pathophysiology of depression through research designs in which the ability of rTMS to alter brain activity is coupled with functional neuroimaging