6 research outputs found

    Etude du maintien de l'homéostasie tissulaire aprÚs induction d'un stress chronique du RE

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    The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) plays a major role in protein folding. The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER induces a stress which can be resolved by the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The chronicity of ER-stress leads to UPR-induced apoptosis and in turn to an unbalance of tissue homeostasis. Although ER stress-dependent apoptosis is observed in a great number of devastating human diseases, how cells activate apoptosis and promote tissue homeostasis after chronic ER-stress remains poorly understood. During my thesis we have established of a novel model of chronic ER-stress using the Drosophila wing imaginal disc as a model system. We have validated that Presenilin (Psn) overexpression induces chronic ER-stress in Drosophila associated to a PERK/ATF4-dependent apoptosis requiring the down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic diap1 gene. Interestingly, the classical pro-apoptotic pathways described in mammals do not seem implicated in Psn-overexpression-dependent apoptosis. PERK/ATF4 also activated the JNK pathway through the small GTPase Rac1 and the MAP3K Slipper activation in apoptotic cells, leading to the expression of Dilp8. This insulin-like peptide caused a developmental delay, which partially allowed the replacement of apoptotic cells. The other mechanisms involved in tissue homeostasis in Drosophila, i.e. compensatory homeostasis and wound healing, do not seem to have a major role in our model. These results establish a new pathway that participates in tissue homeostasis thanks to a novel chronic Drosophila ER stress modelLe rĂ©ticulum endoplasmique (RE) joue un rĂŽle majeur dans la conformation des protĂ©ines. L’accumulation de protĂ©ines non- ou mal-conformĂ©es dans le RE induit un stress qui peut ĂȘtre rĂ©solu par la rĂ©ponse aux protĂ©ines mal-conformĂ©es (UPR). Un stress chronique du RE entraine une apoptose dĂ©pendante de l’UPR et se traduit par un dĂ©sĂ©quilibre de l’homĂ©ostasie tissulaire. Bien que l’apoptose dĂ©pendante d’un stress du RE soit observĂ©e et Ă  l’origine d’un grand nombre de maladies humaines, les mĂ©canismes pro-apoptotiques ainsi que ceux favorisant l’homĂ©ostasie tissulaire en rĂ©ponse Ă  un stress chronique du RE restent Ă  ce jour mĂ©connus. Cette thĂšse apporte une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ces mĂ©canismes grĂące Ă  un nouveau modĂšle d’induction de stress du RE chez la drosophile basĂ© sur la surexpression de la prĂ©sĂ©niline. L’apoptose observĂ©e dans ce modĂšle dĂ©pend d’une rĂ©pression au moins transcriptionnelle du gĂšne anti-apoptotique diap1 par la branche PERK/ATF4 de l’UPR, alors que les voies pro-apoptotiques classiquement impliquĂ©es dans l’apoptose en rĂ©ponse Ă  un stress du RE chez les mammifĂšres ne semblent pas ĂȘtre impliquĂ©es. Par ailleurs, la branche PERK/ATF4 active la voie JNK par l’intermĂ©diaire de la petite GTPase Rac1 et de la MAP3K Slipper qui sont activĂ©es dans les cellules apoptotiques. Cette activation aboutit Ă  l’expression de Dilp8, un peptide ressemblant Ă  l’insuline qui cause un retard de dĂ©veloppement et permet ainsi de remplacer partiellement les cellules Ă©liminĂ©es par apoptose. Dans notre modĂšle, les mĂ©canismes classiquement dĂ©crits dans le maintien de l’homĂ©ostasie tissulaire chez la drosophile tels que la prolifĂ©ration compensatoire ou la rĂ©paration des tissus ne semblent pas avoir de rĂŽle majeur. Ces rĂ©sultats Ă©tablissent, une nouvelle voie qui participe Ă  l’homĂ©ostasie tissulaire dans un nouveau modĂšle de stress chronique du R

    Study of tissue homeostasis after a chronic ER stress

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    Le rĂ©ticulum endoplasmique (RE) joue un rĂŽle majeur dans la conformation des protĂ©ines. L’accumulation de protĂ©ines non- ou mal-conformĂ©es dans le RE induit un stress qui peut ĂȘtre rĂ©solu par la rĂ©ponse aux protĂ©ines mal-conformĂ©es (UPR). Un stress chronique du RE entraine une apoptose dĂ©pendante de l’UPR et se traduit par un dĂ©sĂ©quilibre de l’homĂ©ostasie tissulaire. Bien que l’apoptose dĂ©pendante d’un stress du RE soit observĂ©e et Ă  l’origine d’un grand nombre de maladies humaines, les mĂ©canismes pro-apoptotiques ainsi que ceux favorisant l’homĂ©ostasie tissulaire en rĂ©ponse Ă  un stress chronique du RE restent Ă  ce jour mĂ©connus. Cette thĂšse apporte une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ces mĂ©canismes grĂące Ă  un nouveau modĂšle d’induction de stress du RE chez la drosophile basĂ© sur la surexpression de la prĂ©sĂ©niline. L’apoptose observĂ©e dans ce modĂšle dĂ©pend d’une rĂ©pression au moins transcriptionnelle du gĂšne anti-apoptotique diap1 par la branche PERK/ATF4 de l’UPR, alors que les voies pro-apoptotiques classiquement impliquĂ©es dans l’apoptose en rĂ©ponse Ă  un stress du RE chez les mammifĂšres ne semblent pas ĂȘtre impliquĂ©es. Par ailleurs, la branche PERK/ATF4 active la voie JNK par l’intermĂ©diaire de la petite GTPase Rac1 et de la MAP3K Slipper qui sont activĂ©es dans les cellules apoptotiques. Cette activation aboutit Ă  l’expression de Dilp8, un peptide ressemblant Ă  l’insuline qui cause un retard de dĂ©veloppement et permet ainsi de remplacer partiellement les cellules Ă©liminĂ©es par apoptose. Dans notre modĂšle, les mĂ©canismes classiquement dĂ©crits dans le maintien de l’homĂ©ostasie tissulaire chez la drosophile tels que la prolifĂ©ration compensatoire ou la rĂ©paration des tissus ne semblent pas avoir de rĂŽle majeur. Ces rĂ©sultats Ă©tablissent, une nouvelle voie qui participe Ă  l’homĂ©ostasie tissulaire dans un nouveau modĂšle de stress chronique du REThe Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) plays a major role in protein folding. The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER induces a stress which can be resolved by the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The chronicity of ER-stress leads to UPR-induced apoptosis and in turn to an unbalance of tissue homeostasis. Although ER stress-dependent apoptosis is observed in a great number of devastating human diseases, how cells activate apoptosis and promote tissue homeostasis after chronic ER-stress remains poorly understood. During my thesis we have established of a novel model of chronic ER-stress using the Drosophila wing imaginal disc as a model system. We have validated that Presenilin (Psn) overexpression induces chronic ER-stress in Drosophila associated to a PERK/ATF4-dependent apoptosis requiring the down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic diap1 gene. Interestingly, the classical pro-apoptotic pathways described in mammals do not seem implicated in Psn-overexpression-dependent apoptosis. PERK/ATF4 also activated the JNK pathway through the small GTPase Rac1 and the MAP3K Slipper activation in apoptotic cells, leading to the expression of Dilp8. This insulin-like peptide caused a developmental delay, which partially allowed the replacement of apoptotic cells. The other mechanisms involved in tissue homeostasis in Drosophila, i.e. compensatory homeostasis and wound healing, do not seem to have a major role in our model. These results establish a new pathway that participates in tissue homeostasis thanks to a novel chronic Drosophila ER stress mode

    The endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response varies depending on the affected region of the tissue but independently from the source of stress

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    International audienceAccumulation of unfolded proteins and calcium dyshomeostasis induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which can be resolved by the unfolded protein response (UPR). We have previously reported that activation of the PERK/ATF4 branch of the UPR, by overexpressing Presenilin in part of the vestigial domain of Drosophila wing imaginal discs, induces both a caspase-dependent apoptosis and a Slpr/JNK/Dilp8-dependent developmental delay that allows compensation of cell death in the tissue. Recently, dDad1 depletion in Drosophila in engrailed-expressing cells of wing imaginal discs was also reported to activate the PERK/ATF4 branch but induced Mekk1/JNK-dependent apoptosis. Here, we assessed whether the stressed cell location in the wing imaginal disc could explain these differences in response to chronic ER stress or whether the stress source could be responsible for the signaling discrepancy. To address this question, we overexpressed a Rhodopsin-1 mutant prone to aggregate either in vestigial-or engrailed-expressing cells. We observed similar responses to the Presenilin overexpression in the vestigial domain and to the dDad1 depletion in the engrailed domain. Therefore, the consequences of a PERK/ATF4 branch activation depend on the position of the cell in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, suggesting interactions of PERK signaling with developmental pathways involved in the determination or maintenance of wing domains

    FranceCoag: a 22-year prospective follow-up of the national French cohort of patients with inherited bleeding disorders.

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    FranceCoag is an ongoing open prospective multicentre cohort project aimed at improving epidemiological knowledge about inherited bleeding disorders in France. The main objective of this article was to evaluate the project's progress as of the 30th December 2016. Between 1994 and this date, of the 10,047 patients included in the study, 384 (3.8%) were reported by clinicians to have died and 159 (1.6%) to be lost to follow-up. Among the remaining 9504 patients still being followed up, 5748 (60.5%) had haemophilia A, 1300 (13.7%) haemophilia B, 1980 (20.8%) von Willebrand Disease while 476 (5.0%) had another clotting factor deficiency (Factor I, II, V, combined V and VIII, VII, X, XI and XIII). The median age of the population was 32 years (Inter-quartile range (IQR) 18-50 years) at data extraction on December 30th, 2016. The subgroup of children (i.e., < 18 years old) with severe haemophilia and comprehensive information available since the first exposure to treatment was identified as the PUPs (Previously Untreated Patients) cohort. Data for the 643 children included in the PUPs' cohort had been collected since their birth. Follow-up data were collected by the clinicians in haemophilia treatment centres (HTC) every 12.9 months on median (IQR 11.4-21.3). In the PUPS cohort, data were updated every 6.2 months on median (IQR 3.7-11.7). A unique patient number assigned at study inclusion was kept at individual HTC by participating clinicians. The data collected included demographic, clinical, therapeutic and biological items on standard electronic forms. As of December 30th 2016, a plasma and serum samples was available for 2581 patients (27.1%)
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