INYECCIONES INTRACUTÁNEAS DE AGUA ESTÉRIL EN EL ROMBO DE MICHAELIS PREVIA ANESTESIA LOCAL: UNA TERAPIA COMPLEMENTARIA PARA EL ALIVIO DE DOLOR DURANTE EL PARTO

IntroductionSterile water injections in the Rhombus of Michaelis are used as a simple technique to alleviate back pain during childbirth. However, the technique itself is painful and requires two professionals to carry it out. ObjectiveTo assess the level of pain associated with the technique of sterile water injection after the injection of lidocaine, compared to the technique of sterile water injection without lidocaine. The aim was also to assess whether both techniques (with and without lidocaine) reduce back pain during childbirth. Material and Methods A semi-experimental study was carried out. The level of pain was assessed using the VAS scale before the technique, during the technique, and 30 minutes after the technique in two groups of expectant mothers (with and without lidocaine). The expectant mothers were divided randomly into two groups. The SPSS programme was used for the data analysis. Results The results showed that the technique with lidocaine could be undertaken by one professional and was significantly less painful than the technique without the anesthetic. In both cases, the level of pain stated prior to the sterile water injection was reduced 30 minutes after the injection. The reduction in pain was clinically relevant. Conclusions Sterile water injection in the Rhombus of Michaelis is an effective technique for reducing back pain during childbirth. The injection of lidocaine prior to the technique enables its use without the main disadvantage: pain on injection of sterile water.IntroducciónLas inyecciones de agua estéril en el Rombo de Michaelis se usan como técnica simple para aliviar el dolor lumbar durante el parto. Pero la técnica es dolorosa y requiere de dos profesionales para su realización.ObjetivoEvaluar el nivel de dolor de la técnica de la inyección de agua estéril previa inyección de lidocaína respecto de la técnica de inyección de agua estéril sin lidocaína. Así mismo, se pretendía evaluar si ambas técnicas (sin lidocaína y con lidocaína) disminuían el dolor lumbar durante el parto.Material y MétodosSe llevó a cabo un estudio cuasi-experimental. Se evaluó el nivel de dolor mediante la escala EVA antes de la técnica, durante la técnica y a los 30 minutos de la técnica en dos grupos de gestantes (sin lidocaína y con lidocaína). Las gestantes fueron asignadas a ambos grupos de forma aleatoria. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS.Resultados Los resultados mostraron que la técnica con lidocaína es significativamente menos dolorosa que sin lidocaína y la puede realizar un solo profesional. Así mismo, el nivel de dolor referido antes de la técnica disminuyó en ambos casos a los 30 minutos de forma clínicamente relevante.ConclusionesLas inyecciones de agua estéril en el Rombo de Michaelis constituyen una técnica efectiva para la reducción del dolor lumbar durante el parto. Además, la inyección de lidocaína previa a la técnica permite su uso evitando su principal inconveniente, el dolor al inyectar el agua estéril

Pentecostalism, gerontocratic rule and democratization in Malawi: the changing position of the young in political culture

This chapter explores the relationship between the father-metaphor, gerontocratic power, democratization and religion in the context of changing political culture in Malawi. It argues that democratization in Malawi signalled a change in the nature of the dominant gerontocratic power relations associated with Chewa political traditions, and gave the young an opportunity to escape from their tightly circumscribed sociopolitical space in what for thirty years had been a highly supervised society. It further argues that religion, in particular 'born-again' (often Pentecostal) Christianity, played a significant role in changing the meaning of the crucial root paradigm of gerontocracy in Malawian political culture. The chapter shows that the position adopted by religious youth groups in the 1990s was the outcome of a 'struggle for youth' that Malawian society had faced since colonial times and in which religion played a significant role. In so doing, it deconstructs the so-called 'conservative nature' of Christian fundamentalism-cum- Pentecostalism.ASC – Publicaties niet-programma gebonde

Intracutaneous sterile water injections in the Rhombus of Michaelis after local anaesthesia: a complementary therapy for relieving pain during childbirth

IntroducciónLas inyecciones de agua estéril en el Rombo de Michaelis se usan como técnica simple para aliviar el dolor lumbar durante el parto. Pero la técnica es dolorosa y requiere de dos profesionales para su realización.ObjetivoEvaluar el nivel de dolor de la técnica de la inyección de agua estéril previa inyección de lidocaína respecto de la técnica de inyección de agua estéril sin lidocaína. Así mismo, se pretendía evaluar si ambas técnicas (sin lidocaína y con lidocaína) disminuían el dolor lumbar durante el parto.Material y MétodosSe llevó a cabo un estudio cuasi-experimental. Se evaluó el nivel de dolor mediante la escala EVA antes de la técnica, durante la técnica y a los 30 minutos de la técnica en dos grupos de gestantes (sin lidocaína y con lidocaína). Las gestantes fueron asignadas a ambos grupos de forma aleatoria. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS.ResultadosLos resultados mostraron que la técnica con lidocaína es significativamente menos dolorosa que sin lidocaína y la puede realizar un solo profesional. Así mismo, el nivel de dolor referido antes de la técnica disminuyó en ambos casos a los 30 minutos de forma clínicamente relevante.ConclusionesLas inyecciones de agua estéril en el Rombo de Michaelis constituyen una técnica efectiva para la reducción del dolor lumbar durante el parto. Además, la inyección de lidocaína previa a la técnica permite su uso evitando su principal inconveniente, el dolor al inyectar el agua estéril.IntroductionSterile water injections in the Rhombus of Michaelis are used as a simple technique to alleviate back pain during childbirth. However, the technique itself is painful and requires two professionals to carry it out.ObjectiveTo assess the level of pain associated with the technique of sterile water injection after the injection of lidocaine, compared to the technique of sterile water injection without lidocaine. The aim was also to assess whether both techniques (with and without lidocaine) reduce back pain during childbirth.Material and MethodsA semi-experimental study was carried out. The level of pain was assessed using the VAS scale before the technique, during the technique, and 30 minutes after the technique in two groups of expectant mothers (with and without lidocaine). The expectant mothers were divided randomly into two groups. The SPSS programme was used for the data analysis.ResultsThe results showed that the technique with lidocaine could be undertaken by one professional and was significantly less painful than the technique without the anesthetic. In both cases, the level of pain stated prior to the sterile water injection was reduced 30 minutes after the injection. The reduction in pain was clinically relevant.ConclusionsSterile water injection in the Rhombus of Michaelis is an effective technique for reducing back pain during childbirth. The injection of lidocaine prior to the technique enables its use without the main disadvantage: pain on injection of sterile water

The common marmoset genome provides insight into primate biology and evolution

We report the whole-genome sequence of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). The 2.26-Gb genome of a female marmoset was assembled using Sanger read data (6×) and a whole-genome shotgun strategy. A first analysis has permitted comparison with the genomes of apes and Old World monkeys and the identification of specific features that might contribute to the unique biology of this diminutive primate, including genetic changes that may influence body size, frequent twinning and chimerism. We observed positive selection in growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor genes (growth pathways), respiratory complex I genes (metabolic pathways), and genes encoding immunobiological factors and proteases (reproductive and immunity pathways). In addition, both protein-coding and microRNA genes related to reproduction exhibited evidence of rapid sequence evolution. This genome sequence for a New World monkey enables increased power for comparative analyses among available primate genomes and facilitates biomedical research application.The marmoset genome project was funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), including from grants U54 HG003273 (R.A. Gibbs) and U54 HG003079 (R.K.W.), with additional support from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), including from grants R01 DK077639 (S.D.T.), R01 GM59290 (L.B.J. and M.A.B.), HG002385 (E.E.E.) and P51-OD011133 (Southwest NPRC), and support from the National Science Foundation (NSF BCS-071508 to D.E.W.) and the VEGA grant agency: 1/0719/14 (T.V.) and 1/1085/12 (B.B.). C.C.F. and M.C.R. were supported in part by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute grant to Louisiana State University through the Undergraduate Biological Sciences Education program. J.X. was supported by NHGRI grant K99 HG005846. P.H.G. was supported by the Cullen Foundation. T.M.-B. was supported by European Research Council Starting Grant (260372) and MICINN (Spain) grant BFU2011-28549. B.L.-G. was supported by the Spanish National Institute of Bioinformatics (see URLs). E.E.E. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Demographic history and rare allele sharing among human populations

High-throughput sequencing technology enables population-level surveys of human genomic variation. Here, we examine the joint allele frequency distributions across continental human populations and present an approach for combining complementary aspects of whole-genome, low-coverage data and targeted high-coverage data. We apply this approach to data generated by the pilot phase of the Thousand Genomes Project, including whole-genome 2–4× coverage data for 179 samples from HapMap European, Asian, and African panels as well as high-coverage target sequencing of the exons of 800 genes from 697 individuals in seven populations. We use the site frequency spectra obtained from these data to infer demographic parameters for an Out-of-Africa model for populations of African, European, and Asian descent and to predict, by a jackknife-based approach, the amount of genetic diversity that will be discovered as sample sizes are increased. We predict that the number of discovered nonsynonymous coding variants will reach 100,000 in each population after ∼1,000 sequenced chromosomes per population, whereas ∼2,500 chromosomes will be needed for the same number of synonymous variants. Beyond this point, the number of segregating sites in the European and Asian panel populations is expected to overcome that of the African panel because of faster recent population growth. Overall, we find that the majority of human genomic variable sites are rare and exhibit little sharing among diverged populations. Our results emphasize that replication of disease association for specific rare genetic variants across diverged populations must overcome both reduced statistical power because of rarity and higher population divergence