On Asymptotic Flatness and Lorentz Charges

In this paper we establish two results concerning four-dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes at spatial infinity. First, we show that the six conserved Lorentz charges are encoded in two unique, distinct, but mutually dual symmetric divergence free tensors that we construct from the equations of motion. Second, we show that integrability of Einstein's equations in the asymptotic expansion is sufficient to establish the equivalence between counter-term charges defined from the variational principle and charges defined by Ashtekar and Hansen. These results clarify earlier constructions of conserved charges in the hyperboloid representation of spatial infinity. In showing this, parity condition on the mass aspect is not needed. Along the way in establishing these results, we prove two lemmae on tensor fields on three dimensional de Sitter spacetime stated by Ashtekar-Hansen and Beig-Schmidt and state and prove three additional lemmae.Comment: 26 pages; no figures; v2: minor changes; v3: clarifications + references + a new lemma added, results unaffecte

Why not a di-NUT? or Gravitational duality and rotating solutions

We study how gravitational duality acts on rotating solutions, using the Kerr-NUT black hole as an example. After properly reconsidering how to take into account both electric (i.e. mass-like) and magnetic (i.e. NUT-like) sources in the equations of general relativity, we propose a set of definitions for the dual Lorentz charges. We then show that the Kerr-NUT solution has non-trivial such charges. Further, we clarify in which respect Kerr's source can be seen as a mass M with a dipole of NUT charges.Comment: 20 pages. v2: minor clarifications in section 4, version to appear in PR

Electric and magnetic aspects of gravitational theories

This thesis deals with the construction of conserved charges for asymptotically flat spacetimes at spatial infinity in four spacetime dimensions in a hopefully pedagogical way. As a first motivation of this work, it highlights the difficulties one encounters when trying to understand the gravitational duality, present at the linearized level, in the full non-linear Einstein's theory or even just in an asymptotic regime of it. In the first part, we restrict the discussion to the Noetherian surface charges, called "electric charges", and study the existence of a larger phase space, than previously known in the literature, where the awkward parity boundary conditions, firstly imposed by T. Regge and C. Teitelboim, are relaxed. In the absence of these parity conditions, we show how the Einstein-Hilbert action is a correct variational principle when it is supplemented by an anomalous counter-term and construct conserved and finite charges associated to the larger asymptotic symmetry group. The second and third parts focus on the magnetic information obtained through gravitational duality. As this duality is only known at the linearized level, asymptotic linearity is implicitly assumed at spatial infinity. In the second part, gravitational duality for the linearized gravity theory is reviewed and ten dual Poincar\'e charges, or topological "magnetic" charges, are constructed \`a la Abbott-Deser. The last part explains how the NUT charge N, gravitational dual of the mass M and present in the BPS bound of the supersymmetric charged Taub-NUT black hole, copes with the N=2 superalgebra. This is achieved through a complexification of the Witten-Nester 2-form.Comment: 220 pages, 3 figure

Can Conformational Changes of Proteins Be Represented in Torsion Angle Space? A Study with Rescaled Ridge Regression

Torsion angles are the natural degrees of freedom of protein structures. The ability to determine torsional variations corresponding to observed changes in Cartesian coordinates is highly valuable, notably to investigate the mechanisms of functional conformational changes or to develop computational models of protein dynamics. This issue is far from trivial in practice since the impact of modifying one torsion angle strongly depends on all other angles, and the compounding effects of small variations in bond lengths and valence angles can completely disrupt a protein fold. We demonstrate that naive strategies, such as directly comparing torsion angles between structures without correcting for variations in bond lengths and valence angles or fitting torsional variations without a proper regularization scheme, fail at producing an adequate representation of conformational changes in internal coordinates. In contrast, rescaled ridge regression, a method recently introduced to regularize multidimensional regressions with correlated explanatory variables, is shown to consistently identify a minimal set of torsion angles variations that closely reproduce changes in Cartesian coordinates. This torsional representation of conformational changes is shown to be robust to the choice of experimental structures. It also provides a better agreement with theoretical models of protein dynamics than the Cartesian representation, regarding notably the predominance of low-frequency normal modes in functional motions and the presence, in predicted equilibrium dynamics, of hints of natural selection for specific functional motions. The software is available at https://github.com/ugobas/tnm.Ministery of Economy, grant BIO2016-79043-P. Research at the CBMSO is facilitated by the Fundacion Ramon Arece

Effective harmonic potentials: insights into the internal cooperativity and sequence-specificity of protein dynamics

The proper biological functioning of proteins often relies on the occurrence of coordinated fluctuations around their native structure, or of wider and sometimes highly elaborated motions. Coarse-grained elastic-network descriptions are known to capture essential aspects of conformational dynamics in proteins, but have so far remained mostly phenomenological, and unable to account for the chemical specificities of amino acids. Here, we propose a method to derive residue- and distance-specific effective harmonic potentials from the statistical analysis of an extensive dataset of NMR conformational ensembles. These potentials constitute dynamical counterparts to the mean-force statistical potentials commonly used for static analyses of protein structures. In the context of the elastic network model, they yield a strongly improved description of the cooperative aspects of residue motions, and give the opportunity to systematically explore the influence of sequence details on protein dynamics.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, 1 table ; Supplementary Material (11 pages, 7 figures, 1 table) ; 4 Supplementary tables as plain text file

Incertitude de la mesure de terrain en géomorphologie littorale. Approche statistique et quantification des marges d'erreur

479 p.Un des objectifs de la mesure en géomorphologie littorale est d'étudier de façon diachronique les changements morphosédimentaires d'un environnement côtier. La période d'observation et la fréquence des relevés dépendent du but recherché. On choisira une haute fréquence (relevé hebdomadaire) lorsque la problématique est d'analyser le rôle des épisodes à forte récurrence (tempêtes hivernales) dans la mobilité des formes littorales (Lee et Birkemeir, 1993). À l'inverse, une fréquence beaucoup plus faible sera adoptée (relevé annuel) lorsque l'objectif est de suivre l'évolution d'une côte sur du long terme à très long terme (Levoy, 1998). Le problème qui se pose alors est de savoir si les modifications observées relèvent bien de l'action des agents de forçage météo-marins ou si elles ne sont pas le résultat d'erreurs inhérentes à la mesure. Cette étude se propose de quantifier à partir de traitements statistiques les incertitudes liées à la mesure de terrain effectuée au théodolite (figure 1a et 1b), et auDGPS (figure 1c et 1d). Les données utilisées proviennent de suivis réalisés sur plusieurs plages du Finistère et des Côtes d'Armor effectués dans le cadre de travaux de thèse et/ou de recherches contractuelles. Une partie de ces résultats, ceux qui concernent la mesure au théodolite, a déjà fait l'objet d'une présentation dans le cadre des séminaires de notre UMR LETG - 6554 CNRS (Suanez et al., 2005). Pour cette étude, ces données ont été réactualisées en intégrant notamment le travail sur la mesure DGPS

Astrocyte mediated modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability does not correlate with a loss of tight junction proteins from the cellular contacts

In the central nervous system (CNS) complex endothelial tight junctions (TJs) form a restrictive paracellular diffusion barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Pathogenic changes within the CNS are frequently accompanied by the loss of BBB properties, resulting in brain edema. In order to investigate whether BBB leakiness can be monitored by a loss of TJ proteins from cellular borders, we used an in vitro BBB model where brain endothelial cells in co-culture with astrocytes form a tight permeability barrier for 3H-inulin and 14C-sucrose. Removal of astrocytes from the co-culture resulted in an increased permeability to small tracers across the brain endothelial cell monolayer and an opening of the TJs to horseradish peroxidase as detected by electron microscopy. Strikingly, opening of the endothelial TJs was not accompanied by any visible change in the molecular composition of endothelial TJs as junctional localization of the TJ-associated proteins claudin-3, claudin-5, occludin, ZO-1 or ZO-2 or the adherens junction-associated proteins β-catenin or p120cas did not change. Thus, opening of BBB TJs is not readily accompanied by the complete loss of the junctional localization of TJ protein

Caractérisation des processus d'altération à la surface de Mars primitive par approche expérimentale et télédétection

The geologic record of Mars has preserved some minerals indicating that aqueous alteration occurred during several hundreds of million years after the formation of the planet. The reconstruction of these ancient processes is a major stake of planetary sciences, since the evolution of early Earth is now inaccessible due to the recycling of the terrestrial crust by plate tectonics, volcanism and erosion. This thesis brings several contributions to the understanding of alteration processes on early Mars through alteration experiments under carbon dioxide and through the analysis of visible-and-near-infrared data acquired from orbit. The results lead to a model involving the combined alteration of silicates and iron sulfides to explain the formation of the Martian sulfates, which proved consistent with the limited spatial and temporal extension of sulfates. Consistently, the study of secondary minerals in the Ismenius Cavus depression illustrates that the acidic alteration from which sulfates derive has not affected the entire planet. A second orbital study focused on the western plateau of Nili Fossae shows that at least part of Martian clays has derived from weathering. This conclusion is supported by an experimental alteration of olivine in simulated Martian conditions confirming that the minerals observed in Nili Fossae and other regions of Mars are compatible with an alteration under a carbon dioxide atmosphere denser than today, which would have ensured the stability of liquid water on the surface of the planet.L'enregistrement géologique de Mars a préservé des minéraux indicateurs d'une altération par l'eau liquide active durant plusieurs centaines de millions d'années après la formation de la planète. La reconstitution de ces processus anciens est un enjeu majeur de la planétologie, l'évolution de la Terre primitive étant inaccessible aujourd'hui en raison du renouvellement de la croûte terrestre par la tectonique des plaques, le volcanisme et l'érosion. Cette thèse apporte plusieurs contributions à la compréhension des processus d'altération sur Mars primitive à travers des expériences d'altération sous dioxyde de carbone et l'analyse de données orbitales de spectrométrie visible et proche-infrarouge. Les résultats conduisent à un modèle de formation des sulfates martiens par l'altération combinée de silicates et de sulfures de fer, qui se révèle cohérent avec l'extension spatiale et temporelle limitée des sulfates. De manière concordante, l'étude des minéraux secondaires de la dépression d'Ismenius Cavus illustre que l'altération acide à l'origine des sulfates n'a pas concerné l'ensemble de la planète. Une seconde étude orbitale focalisée sur le plateau de Nili Fossae démontre qu'au moins une partie des argiles martiennes résulte de l'altération météorique. Cette conclusion est appuyée par une expérience d'altération de l'olivine en conditions martiennes simulées confirmant que les minéraux observés dans Nili Fossae et d'autres régions martiennes sont compatibles avec une altération sous une atmosphère de dioxyde de carbone plus dense qu'aujourd'hui, assurant la stabilité de l'eau liquide à la surface de la planète