Generalized Belief Propagation to break trapping sets in LDPC codes

6 pagesInternational audienceIn this paper, we focus on the Generalized Belief Propagation (GBP) algorithm to solve trapping sets in Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes. Trapping sets are topological structures in Tanner graphs of LDPC codes that are not correctly decoded by Belief Propagation (BP), leading to exhibit an error-floor in the bit-error rate. Stemming from statistical physics of spin glasses, GBP consists in passing messages between groups of Tanner graph nodes. Provided a well-suited grouping, this algorithm proves to be a powerful decoder as it may lower harmful topological effects of the Tanner graph. We then propose to use GBP to break trapping sets and create a new decoder to outperform BP and to defeat error-floor

Improving the surface properties of an UHMWPE shoulder implant with an atmospheric pressure plasma jet

Insufficient glenoid fixation is one of the main reasons for failure in total shoulder arthroplasty. This is predominantly caused by the inert nature of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) used in the glenoid component of the implant, which makes it difficult to adhesively bind to bone cement or bone. Previous studies have shown that this adhesion can be ameliorated by changing the surface chemistry using plasma technology. An atmospheric pressure plasma jet is used to treat UHMWPE substrates and to modify their surface chemistry. The modifications are investigated using several surface analysis techniques. The adhesion with bone cement is assessed using pull-out tests while osteoblast adhesion and proliferation is also tested making use of several cell viability assays. Additionally, the treated samples are put in simulated body fluid and the resulting calcium phosphate (CaP) deposition is evaluated as a measure of the in vitro bioactivity of the samples. The results show that the plasma modifications result in incorporation of oxygen in the surface, which leads to a significant improved adhesion to bone cement, an enhanced osteoblast proliferation and a more pronounced CaP deposition. The plasma-treated surfaces are therefore promising to act as a shoulder implant

Approche spatiale des inégalités d'exposition environnementale et socioéconomiques Quelle influence sur les inégalités de cancer ? Projet Cancer inégalités régionales, cantonales et environnement (CIRCE)

National audienceINTRODUCTION. La progression de l'incidence du cancer en France et dans les pays développés suscite une interrogation sur l'origine de cette croissance et notamment sur l'importance de la composante environnementale de cette croissance. Les études de corrélations écologiques utilisant les Systèmes d'information géographique (SIG) peuvent apporter un éclairage nouveau sur la relation entre cancer et facteurs environnementaux et socio-économiques. Les objectifs sont de 1) Proposer une méthodologie utilisant des indicateurs permettant de mettre en évidence les inégalités spatiales d'exposition environnementale, de niveau socio-économique et de mortalité par cancer et 2) Comprendre les relations entre cancer et facteurs environnementaux et socioéconomiques en croisant ces données par une étude de corrélation écologique à l'échelle cantonale. MATERIEL/METHODES. A partir des bases de données descriptives de l'environnement, des indicateurs de l'exposition environnementale sont proposés : un indicateur de pollution de l'air à partir du registre européen d'émission des polluants (European pollutant emission register, EPER) pour une cinquantaine de polluants, un indicateur général de contamination des sols à partir de BASIAS, un indicateur de pollution agricole ou urbaine à partir de Corine Land Cover. A partir du recensement INSEE descriptif de la population, l'indice de défaveur sociale de Townsend peut être construit. A partir des données du Centre d'épidémiologie sur les causes médicales de décès (CépiDc) de l'Inserm, le risque relatif de mortalité par cancer a pu être défini. RESULTATS. La région Nord-Pas-de-Calais a été choisie pour illustrer les résultats. Chacun des indicateurs est cartographié à l'échelle des cantons mettant en évidence des disparités géographiques plus ou moins importantes. La carte de l'indice de Townsend fait ressortir la région Lilloise ainsi que le bassin minier comme les zones les plus défavorisées socialement. La cartographie des indices généraux d'exposition environnementale semble faire ressortir ces mêmes zones. Les indicateurs d'exposition à partir d'EPER mettent en évidence de fortes disparités spatiales de l'exposition, et des différences importantes suivant le polluant considéré. Concernant le cancer, les résultats sont variables selon la localisation cancéreuse analysée ; dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais, les situations récurrentes de surmortalité sont localisées autour des grands pôles. Certains cantons semblent cumuler les inégalités sociales, environnementales et sanitaires. Le croisement de ces données spatialisées par canton permettra de définir les liens éventuels entre cancer, environnement et niveau socio-économique. DISCUSSION ET CONCLUSION. Bien que cette approche comporte quelques limites comme la non prise en compte de la mobilité à court et long terme des populations ou encore les temps de latence relativement long pour le cancer, l'utilisation des SIG dans le cadre d'études de corrélations écologiques apporte une vision nouvelle des disparités spatiales et permettent de mieux comprendre la complexité du lien environnement, social et sant

The Relation Between Temperature, Ozone, and Mortality in Nine French Cities During the Heat Wave of 2003

BACKGROUND: During August 2003, record high temperatures were observed across Europe, and France was the country most affected. During this period, elevated ozone concentrations were measured all over the country. Questions were raised concerning the contribution of O(3) to the health impact of the summer 2003 heat wave. METHODS: We used a time-series design to analyze short-term effects of temperature and O(3) pollution on mortality. Counts of deaths were regressed on temperatures and O(3) levels, controlling for possible confounders: long-term trends, season, influenza outbreaks, day of the week, and bank holiday effects. For comparison with previous results of the nine cities, we calculated pooled excess risk using a random effect approach and an empirical Bayes approach. FINDINGS: For the nine cities, the excess risk of death is significant (1.01%; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–1.44) for an increase of 10 μg/m(3) in O(3) level. For the 3–17 August 2003 period, the excess risk of deaths linked to O(3) and temperatures together ranged from 10.6% in Le Havre to 174.7% in Paris. When we compared the relative contributions of O(3) and temperature to this joint excess risk, the contribution of O(3) varied according to the city, ranging from 2.5% in Bordeaux to 85.3% in Toulouse. INTERPRETATION: We observed heterogeneity among the nine cities not only for the joint effect of O(3) and temperatures, but also for the relative contribution of each factor. These results confirmed that in urban areas O(3) levels have a non-negligible impact in terms of public health

Natalizumab treatment shows low cumulative probabilities of confirmed disability worsening to EDSS milestones in the long-term setting.

Abstract Background Though the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is commonly used to assess disability level in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), the criteria defining disability progression are used for patients with a wide range of baseline levels of disability in relatively short-term trials. As a result, not all EDSS changes carry the same weight in terms of future disability, and treatment benefits such as decreased risk of reaching particular disability milestones may not be reliably captured. The objectives of this analysis are to assess the probability of confirmed disability worsening to specific EDSS milestones (i.e., EDSS scores ≥3.0, ≥4.0, or ≥6.0) at 288 weeks in the Tysabri Observational Program (TOP) and to examine the impact of relapses occurring during natalizumab therapy in TOP patients who had received natalizumab for ≥24 months. Methods TOP is an ongoing, open-label, observational, prospective study of patients with RRMS in clinical practice. Enrolled patients were naive to natalizumab at treatment initiation or had received ≤3 doses at the time of enrollment. Intravenous natalizumab (300 mg) infusions were given every 4 weeks, and the EDSS was assessed at baseline and every 24 weeks during treatment. Results Of the 4161 patients enrolled in TOP with follow-up of at least 24 months, 3253 patients with available baseline EDSS scores had continued natalizumab treatment and 908 had discontinued (5.4% due to a reported lack of efficacy and 16.4% for other reasons) at the 24-month time point. Those who discontinued due to lack of efficacy had higher baseline EDSS scores (median 4.5 vs. 3.5), higher on-treatment relapse rates (0.82 vs. 0.23), and higher cumulative probabilities of EDSS worsening (16% vs. 9%) at 24 months than those completing therapy. Among 24-month completers, after approximately 5.5 years of natalizumab treatment, the cumulative probabilities of confirmed EDSS worsening by 1.0 and 2.0 points were 18.5% and 7.9%, respectively (24-week confirmation), and 13.5% and 5.3%, respectively (48-week confirmation). The risks of 24- and 48-week confirmed EDSS worsening were significantly higher in patients with on-treatment relapses than in those without relapses. An analysis of time to specific EDSS milestones showed that the probabilities of 48-week confirmed transition from EDSS scores of 0.0–2.0 to ≥3.0, 2.0–3.0 to ≥4.0, and 4.0–5.0 to ≥6.0 at week 288 in TOP were 11.1%, 11.8%, and 9.5%, respectively, with lower probabilities observed among patients without on-treatment relapses (8.1%, 8.4%, and 5.7%, respectively). Conclusions In TOP patients with a median (range) baseline EDSS score of 3.5 (0.0–9.5) who completed 24 months of natalizumab treatment, the rate of 48-week confirmed disability worsening events was below 15%; after approximately 5.5 years of natalizumab treatment, 86.5% and 94.7% of patients did not have EDSS score increases of ≥1.0 or ≥2.0 points, respectively. The presence of relapses was associated with higher rates of overall disability worsening. These results were confirmed by assessing transition to EDSS milestones. Lower rates of overall 48-week confirmed EDSS worsening and of transitioning from EDSS score 4.0–5.0 to ≥6.0 in the absence of relapses suggest that relapses remain a significant driver of disability worsening and that on-treatment relapses in natalizumab-treated patients are of prognostic importance

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

The odd case of the welcome refugee in wartime Britain: uneasy numbers, disappearing acts and forgetfulness regarding Belgian refugees in the First World War

With about 265,000 Belgian refugees staying in Britain at one time during the First World War, reflections on this transnational and cross-cultural story of welcome and accommodation at times of conflict merits continued attention. This chapter aims to provide an insight into several warfare-related features that characterised the human experience relating to the Belgians in Britain. A brief literature study confirms the issue of this history having been overlooked for so long. Reception at the time and early perception of the Belgian refugees is studied by means of two publications – the Bryce Report and King Albert’s Book. These publications in part steered the very history into later silence and forgetfulness. The British host society faced the fatalities of warfare on a scale that history had not seen until then and within this context Belgians refugees were an equally unconventional presence. However, as Belgian men and women became employed in Britain – mainly in the war industry – and as Belgian children were incorporated into several education systems, this presence diminished to the extent Belgians effectively disappeared from view during the war already. Yet, the very nature of the Belgian refugee was a blurred one, as Belgian military sought refuge on British soil too, without seeking to join the forces again. Long-term convalescent Belgian soldiers in Britain often were managed by Belgian refugee committees as well. Upon return to their home nation, British Belgians found a fragmented country in tatters. They were among the prime workforce aiming to rebuild the nation and its infrastructure and yet in post-1918 Belgian history there simply was no place for the chapter of the Belgian refugees in Britain. In Britain as well, the sole representation became a detective with a moustache and mannerisms. All what was left of the history of Belgian refugees was flatlining forgetfulness.status: publishe

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