'Marée', 'charcuterie-traiteur'.:Le rayon traditionnel en grande surface, lieu d'expérimentation

Les auteurs s’intéressent aux rayons dits « traditionnels » des grandes surfaces, en tant que dispositifs de médiation. Deux rayons sont choisis en raison de leur double asymétrie : le rayon « marée » qui a l’exclusivité de ses produits, par ailleurs peu transformés, et le rayon « charcuterie-traiteur » dont les produits – transformés et standardisés – sont en concurrence avec ceux conditionnés et accessibles dans des rayons en libre-service. À partir de l’observation des interactions entre vendeurs et clients, complétée par des entretiens dans une dizaine de magasins en France (villes de province et banlieue parisienne), ils établissent l’absence d’analogie entre le rayon « tradition » et le petit commerce de centre-ville. Pour ce faire, les auteurs mettent en lumière des mises en scène et des expérimentations visant à reformuler les qualités des produits comme les compétences des consommateurs. De manière plus générale, ces dispositifs contribuent à révéler et à formater, par ajustements successifs, la demande ; ces processus s’avèrent nécessaires au bon fonctionnement de ce dispositif économique.The authors study "traditional" hypermarket counters as places of mediation. Two of them have been chosen for their double asymmetry: the "fresh fish" counter, which sells the exclusivity of its products that are not highly processed, and the "pork butcher and delicatessen" counter, whose products–processed and standardized–are in competition with the packaged products available in self-service areas. Observation of interactions between salesmen and customers complemented with interviews made in about ten hypermarkets both in provincial towns and in the suburbs of Paris shows that there exists no analogy between the "traditional" counter and the small shop in the town center. The authors point out staging and experiments aiming at reformulating both the products' qualities and the consumers' competences. More generally, these actions contribute to reveal and shape by successive adjustments a demand that is necessary for a good working of this economic strategy

L’évolution de la régulation de la filière pêche dans le contexte européen. Externalités économiques et politique publique

L’article porte sur la mise en œuvre de la politique des pêches en France. Si le marché de la pêche artisanale parvient à réconcilier une offre et une demande qui évoluent sur des registres et des temporalités contrastés, c’est qu’il parvient simultanément à externaliser sur le marin pêcheur, et finalement sur la ressource halieutique, les coûts de son fonctionnement. Ce constat conduit l’auteur à rediscuter de la mise en œuvre de la politique des pêches tournée quasi exclusivement vers un producteur jugé trop fréquemment comme l’unique responsable de la baisse de la ressource. Dans cette perspective, l’article entend montrer l’évolution de la régulation des pêcheries prenant la forme d’un décrochage de plus en plus marqué entre l’administration et les administrés.The article relates to the implementation of the fisheries policy to France. If the market of artisanal fishing manages to reconcile supply and demand which evolve on registers and temporalities contrasted, it is that it arrives simultaneously to outsource on the fishing sailor, and finally on the halieutic resource, costs of this operation. This article leads the author to discuss again the implementation of the fisheries policy quasi exclusively turned towards a producer too frequently judged as the single person in charge for the fall of the resource. From this point of view, the article intends to show the evolution of the regulation of the fisheries taking the form of a more and more important gap between the administration and managed

Formal Representation of Water Withdrawal Policies for Integrated Impact Assessment

International audienceThe regulation of water use and water management has evolved considerably in recent years. The evolution of water regulatory systems includes the design of new management policies, which could benefit from ex-ante comparative impact assessments with regard to those of current or past practices. To this aim, the MAELIA project develops an integrated modelling and simulation platform for the assessment of alternative water management policies, especially during low-water crisis in the Adour-Garonne basin (South-West region of France). The development of such an integrated assessment and modelling platform requires the consideration and integration of many entities and processes involved in the system under consideration - water resources and flows, agricultural structures and activities, state and evolution of land cover and land use, etc. This article focuses on the formal representation of two alternative options regarding the choice of water withdrawal policy, which are likely to have considerable impacts on the whole socio-hydro-system s: management by rate of flow (currently applied); and management by volume quotas (alternative to be assessed). Furthermore, the article presents a conceptual framework for the integrated modelling of such social-ecological systems together with graphical notations for models' representation

The Retinoblastoma-Histone Deacetylase 3 Complex Inhibits PPARγ and Adipocyte Differentiation

AbstractThe retinoblastoma protein (RB) has previously been shown to facilitate adipocyte differentiation by inducing cell cycle arrest and enhancing the transactivation by the adipogenic CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP). We show here that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear receptor pivotal for adipogenesis, promotes adipocyte differentiation more efficiently in the absence of RB. PPARγ and RB were shown to coimmunoprecipitate, and this PPARγ-RB complex also contains the histone deacetylase HDAC3, thereby attenuating PPARγ's capacity to drive gene expression and adipocyte differentiation. Dissociation of the PPARγ-RB-HDAC3 complex by RB phosphorylation or by inhibition of HDAC activity stimulates adipocyte differentiation. These observations underscore an important function of both RB and HDAC3 in fine-tuning PPARγ activity and adipocyte differentiation

Caractérisation socio-économique des formes d’agriculture durable

Les différentes analyses des transitions vers des agricultures durables distinguent souvent deux voies concurrentes, renvoyant aux paradigmes de la durabilité faible ou forte. En dépassant cette opposition polaire, ce travail interdisciplinaire propose une caractérisation socio-agronomique de différentes formes d’agriculture coexistant à des degrés divers dans nos économies occidentales. Les auteurs s’appuient sur une typologie agronomique de sept formes d’agriculture caractérisant les systèmes de production agricole plus ou moins durables, suivant la manière dont intrants exogènes et services écosystémiques endogènes à l’écosystème sont utilisés, et leur mode d’insertion dans les systèmes alimentaires. Ils expliquent les principes qui organisent ces formes, ainsi que les valeurs qui les justifient socialement. Cette analyse permet de discuter les conditions d’efficacité des outils de politiques agricoles.Analyses of transition toward a more sustainable agriculture often identify two different pathways, that can be linked to either strong or weak sustainability. In this interdisciplinary work, we aim at overcoming this narrow choice between two alternatives, by offering a socio-agronomic characterization of multiple agriculture models that currently coexist in western economies. We use an agronomical typology of farming systems according to the role of exogenous inputs and endogenous ecosystem services in agricultural production and the degree of embeddedness of farming systems within local and global food systems. This typology identifies six agriculture models that we analyze in socio-economics terms. We then clarify the structuring principles that organize these models, and the social values that provide ground for their justification. This analysis enables us to discuss the efficiency conditions of political instruments

Lutein decreases oxidative stress and inflammation in liver and eyes of guinea pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet

Guinea pigs were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (0.25 g/100 g cholesterol) and randomly allocated either to a Control group (n = 9) or to a Lutein (0.1 g/100 g) group (n = 10) for 12 weeks to evaluate oxidative stress and inflammation in both liver and eyes. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and inflammatory cytokines were measured as well as hepatic nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) binding. Lutein concentrations were greater in eyes (P < 0.01) and liver (P < 0.001) in the Lutein group. All guinea pigs had high concentrations of hepatic cholesterol as well as high plasma ALT and AST levels indicative of liver injury. However, the Lutein group had 43% lower hepatic free cholesterol than the Controls (P < 0.05). Hepatic MDA and MDA in the eye were lower in the Lutein compared to the Control group (P < 0.05). Hepatic tumor necrosis factor-α was 32% lower in the Lutein group (P < 0.05). Lastly, the Lutein group presented lower NF-κB DNA binding activity than the Control group (P < 0.001). These results suggest that in the presence of high cholesterol, lutein exerts both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which can be explained by attenuated NF-κB DNA binding activity. Furthermore, results also suggest that lutein accumulates in the eyes of guinea pigs to protect against oxidative stress

Rosiglitazone and glimeperide: review of clinical results supporting a fixed dose combination

Type 2 diabetes has become a major burden to the health care systems worldwide. Among the drugs approved for this indication, glimepiride and rosiglitazone have gained substantial importance in routine use. While glimepiride stimulates β-cell secretion and leads to reduction of blood glucose values, rosiglitazone activates PPARγ and improves insulin resistance, at the vascular and metabolically active cells. Therefore, the combination of the two drugs may be an interesting approach to improve glycemic control and lower cardiovascular risk. A fixed combination of both drugs has been approved for clinical use in the US and EU. The combination of glimepiride and rosiglitazone is generally well tolerated and the use of a fixed combination may lead to improved adherence of the patients to their therapy. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the clinical data that have been published on this combination, appearing to represent a convenient way to obtain therapeutic targets in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Multiple Roles for the Non-Coding RNA SRA in Regulation of Adipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a master transcriptional regulator of adipogenesis. Hence, the identification of PPARγ coactivators should help reveal mechanisms controlling gene expression in adipose tissue development and physiology. We show that the non-coding RNA, Steroid receptor RNA Activator (SRA), associates with PPARγ and coactivates PPARγ-dependent reporter gene expression. Overexpression of SRA in ST2 mesenchymal precursor cells promotes their differentiation into adipocytes. Conversely, knockdown of endogenous SRA inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Microarray analysis reveals hundreds of SRA-responsive genes in adipocytes, including genes involved in the cell cycle, and insulin and TNFα signaling pathways. Some functions of SRA may involve mechanisms other than coactivation of PPARγ. SRA in adipocytes increases both glucose uptake and phosphorylation of Akt and FOXO1 in response to insulin. SRA promotes S-phase entry during mitotic clonal expansion, decreases expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, and increases phosphorylation of Cdk1/Cdc2. SRA also inhibits the expression of adipocyte-related inflammatory genes and TNFα-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. In conclusion, SRA enhances adipogenesis and adipocyte function through multiple pathways

15-PGJ2, but not thiazolidinediones, inhibits cell growth, induces apoptosis, and causes downregulation of Stat3 in human oral SCCa cells

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been linked to induction of differentiation, cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in several types of human cancer. However, the possible effects of PPARγ agonists on human oral squamous cell carcinoma have not yet been reported. In this study, treatment with 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15-PGJ2), a natural PPARγ ligand, induced a significant reduction of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell growth, which was mainly attributed to upregulation of apoptosis. Interestingly, rosiglitazone and ciglitazone, two members of the thiazolidinedione family of PPARγ activators, did not exert a growth inhibitory effect. Given the critical role that the oncogene signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) plays in head and neck carcinogenesis, its potential regulation by PPARγ ligands was also examined. Treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells with 15-PGJ2 induced an initial reduction and eventual elimination of both phosphorylated and unphosphorylated Stat3 protein levels. In contrast, other PPARγ did not induce similar effects. Our results provide the first evidence of significant antineoplastic effects of 15-PGJ2 on human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, which may be related to downmodulation of Stat3 and are at least partly mediated through PPARγ-independent events

SS18 Together with Animal-Specific Factors Defines Human BAF-Type SWI/SNF Complexes

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