MANAGEMENT OF MICROBIAL BIOFILM USING NANO PARTICLE: A REVIEW

Microorganisms create biofilms, which are surface adherent community structures. These biofilms are essential to the infection process mediated by microbes. Antibiotic resistance is another thing that biofilm spreads, which is a big worry these days. Diverse bacteria use diverse mechanisms to create biofilms, and these mechanisms often depend on the environment in which they grow as well as strain-specific characteristics. Many chemical compounds are discovered to be useful in investigating the biofilm management method. The usefulness of nanoparticles in preventing biofilm-mediated disease is the subject of the current review. Using nanoscale particles to fight microbial biofilm is one possible way to treat these persistent diseases. Recently, antibacterial agents have been delivered employing innovative nanotechnology-based antimicrobial activity in order to destroy planktonic bacteria and their biofilm structures. In the sphere of medicine, this technique is now considered developing. Antimicrobial-loaded nanoparticles alone or in combination with other materials could increase the bacterial activity of nanomaterials to prevent the formation of biofilms. These particles are reactive substances that readily penetrate the matrix, serving as a barrier to numerous antibodies. One type of nanoparticle, called AgNPs, exhibited antibacterial action by rupturing the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane, which resulted in the release of cellular content and eventual death. Additionally, polymeric-based formulations like hydrogel, polymeric microspheres, nanospheres, and smart olimer, as well as lipid-based nanoparticles like liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, have been used in the biofilm treatment. Additionally, research is ongoing with various metals like copper, zinc, and their oxides. Here, we talked about the safety issues and the promise of metal oxide nanoparticles. The pathogens are effectively killed by NPs without endangering other cells or having any negative effects on living cells

A Comparative Study of CURB-65 and Expanded CURB-65 Scoring Systems in Community Acquired Pneumonia in a Tertiary Care Centre of Patna

BACKGROUND A variety of organisms cause community-acquired pneumonia, including bacteria, viruses and fungi. Pathogens vary in age and other factors, but the relative importance of each pneumonia as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia remains uncertain because most patients do not undergo thorough testing and because even when tested, specific agents are found in &lt; 50 percent of cases. This study was conducted to evaluate a severity scoring system for community acquired pneumonia and compare it with the standard confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure and 65 years of age or older (CURB-65) scoring system in a tertiary care centre in Patna Medical College. METHODS This hospital based prospective study was conducted among 100 consecutive patients of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) attending OPD or getting admitted in General Medicine ward of Patna Medical College. The CURB-65 and Expanded CURB-65 scores for these patients were calculated and the accuracy of either in predicting outcomes was statistically analysed, during the period September 2018 - May 2019. RESULTS The mean age of CAP patients in our study was 59.09 ± 12.942 years, the most common co-morbidity observed was diabetes mellitus followed by chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (COPD), cardiovascular disease, chronic liver disease and chronic renal disease. Our study showed that the mortality rate of the study population was 12 % and 30 % patients needed admission in the ICU and 24 % patients needed invasive mechanical ventilation. In the above analysis for 30-day mortality rate, ICU admission rate, and the need for mechanical ventilation among 0 - 2 and 3 - 5 CURB 65 scores, we found no statistically significant difference (P-value = &gt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The extended CURB-65 score gives priority to both clinical and laboratory parameters and is a more accurate marker for the evaluation of CAP severity and may boost the effectiveness of predicting mortality in CAP patients compared to the current CURB-65 score system. KEYWORDS CAP, CURB-65, Expanded CURB-65</jats:p