Updating the mechanisms of common fragile site instability: how to reconcile the different views?

Common fragile sites (CFSs) are large chromosomal regions long identified by conventional cytogenetics as sequences prone to breakage in cells subjected to replication stress. The interest in CFSs came from their key role in the formation of DNA damage, resulting in chromosomal rearrangements. The instability of CFSs was notably correlated with the appearance of genome instability in precancerous lesions and during tumor progression. Identification of the molecular mechanisms responsible for their instability therefore represents a major challenge. A number of data show that breaks result from mitotic entry before replication completion but the mechanisms responsible for such delayed replication of CFSs and relaxed checkpoint surveillance are still debated. In addition, clues to the molecular events leading to breakage just start to emerge. We present here the results of recent reports addressing these questions

Amplicon rearrangements during the extrachromosomal and intrachromosomal amplification process in a glioma

International audienceThe mechanisms of gene amplification in tumour cells are poorly understood and the relationship between extrachromosomal DNA molecules, named double minutes (dmins), and intrachromosomal homogeneously staining regions (hsr) is not documented at nucleotide resolution. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization and whole genome sequencing, we studied a xenografted human oligodendroglioma where the co-amplification of the EGFR and MYC loci was present in the form of dmins at early passages and of an hsr at later passages. The amplified regions underwent multiple rearrangements and deletions during the formation of the dmins and their transformation into hsr. In both forms of amplification, non-homologous end-joining and microhomology-mediated end-joining rather than replication repair mechanisms prevailed in fusions. Small fragments, some of a few tens of base pairs, were associated in contigs. They came from clusters of breakpoints localized hundreds of kilobases apart in the amplified regions. The characteristics of some pairs of junctions suggest that at least some fragments were not fused randomly but could result from the concomi-tant repair of neighbouring breakpoints during the interaction of remote DNA sequences. This characterization at nucleotide resolution of the transition between extra-and intrachromosome amplifications highlights a hitherto uncharacterized organization of the amplified regions suggesting the involvement of new mechanisms in their formation

USP37 deubiquitinates Cdt1 and contributes to regulate DNA replication

DNA replication control is a key process in maintaining genomic integrity. Monitoring DNA replication initiation is particularly important as it needs to be coordinated with other cellular events and should occur only once per cell cycle. Crucial players in the initiation of DNA replication are the ORC protein complex, marking the origin of replication, and the Cdt1 and Cdc6 proteins, that license these origins to replicate by recruiting the MCM2-7 helicase. To accurately achieve its functions, Cdt1 is tightly regulated. Cdt1 levels are high from metaphase and during G1 and low in S/G2 phases of the cell cycle. This control is achieved, among other processes, by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In an overexpression screen for Cdt1 deubiquitinating enzymes, we isolated USP37, to date the first ubiquitin hydrolase controlling Cdt1. USP37 overexpression stabilizes Cdt1, most likely a phosphorylated form of the protein. In contrast, USP37 knock down destabilizes Cdt1, predominantly during G1 and G1/S phases of the cell cycle. USP37 interacts with Cdt1 and is able to de-ubiquitinate Cdt1 in vivo and, USP37 is able to regulate the loading of MCM complexes onto the chromatin. In addition, downregulation of USP37 reduces DNA replication fork speed. Taken together, here we show that the deubiquitinase USP37 plays an important role in the regulation of DNA replication. Whether this is achieved via Cdt1, a central protein in this process, which we have shown to be stabilized by USP37, or via additional factors, remains to be tested.The authors are grateful to V. Smits for careful reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2013-49149-R, BFU2014-51672-REDC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (BA15/00092) and Fundacion CajaCanarias (AP2015/008) to RF.S

Relationships Linking Amplification Level to Gene Over-Expression in Gliomas

Background: Gene amplification is thought to promote over-expression of genes favouring tumour development. Because amplified regions are usually megabase-long, amplification often concerns numerous syntenic or non-syntenic genes, among which only a subset is over-expressed. The rationale for these differences remains poorly understood. Methodology/Principal Finding: To address this question, we used quantitative RT-PCR to determine the expression level of a series of co-amplified genes in five xenografted and one fresh human gliomas. These gliomas were chosen because we have previously characterised in detail the genetic content of their amplicons. In all the cases, the amplified sequences lie on extra-chromosomal DNA molecules, as commonly observed in gliomas. We show here that genes transcribed in nonamplified gliomas are over-expressed when amplified, roughly in proportion to their copy number, while non-expressed genes remain inactive. When specific antibodies were available, we also compared protein expression in amplified and nonamplified tumours. We found that protein accumulation barely correlates with the level of mRNA expression in some of these tumours. Conclusions/Significance: Here we show that the tissue-specific pattern of gene expression is maintained upon amplification in gliomas. Our study relies on a single type of tumour and a limited number of cases. However, it strongly suggests that, even when amplified, genes that are normally silent in a given cell type play no role in tumour progression

Wee1 controls genomic stability during replication by regulating the Mus81-Eme1 endonuclease

Wee1 is essential for normal DNA replication and for genomic stability, at least in part by inhibiting a general DNA damage response induced by the Mus81-Eme1 endonuclease

Pre-replication complex proteins assemble at regions of low nucleosome occupancy within the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase initiation zone

Genome-scale mapping of pre-replication complex proteins has not been reported in mammalian cells. Poor enrichment of these proteins at specific sites may be due to dispersed binding, poor epitope availability or cell cycle stage-specific binding. Here, we have mapped sites of biotin-tagged ORC and MCM protein binding in G1-synchronized populations of Chinese hamster cells harboring amplified copies of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) locus, using avidin-affinity purification of biotinylated chromatin followed by high-density microarray analysis across the DHFR locus. We have identified several sites of significant enrichment for both complexes distributed throughout the previously identified initiation zone. Analysis of the frequency of initiations across stretched DNA fibers from the DHFR locus confirmed a broad zone of de-localized initiation activity surrounding the sites of ORC and MCM enrichment. Mapping positions of mononucleosomal DNA empirically and computing nucleosome-positioning information in silico revealed that ORC and MCM map to regions of low measured and predicted nucleosome occupancy. Our results demonstrate that specific sites of ORC and MCM enrichment can be detected within a mammalian intitiation zone, and suggest that initiation zones may be regions of generally low nucleosome occupancy where flexible nucleosome positioning permits flexible pre-RC assembly sites

Mechanisms generating cancer genome complexity: a look back at the interphase breakage model

e-letterUnderstanding the mechanims responsible for cancer genome complexity has been an important goal for many decades. Umbreit et al. recently combined live cell imaging and single cell genome sequencing to analyze the cascade of genome rearrangements following the formation of a chromosome bridge in human cells (1). Their results suggest that this bridge leads to an initial breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle, followed by additional BFB cycles interwoven with episodes of micronucleation and chromothripsis, to generate complex genome rearrangements (1). This conclusion is strikingly consistent with the previously proposed “interphase breakage model” (2)

Cassures induites par les stress (rôle dans l'instabilité génomique et dans la progression tumorale)

PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Relation entre la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN et la dynamique de réplication chez les mammifères (rôle du point de conrôle intra-S)

Au cours de ma thèse au sein du laboratoire du Professeur Michelle Debatisse, je me suis intéressé aux mécanismes maintenant la stabilité du génome et contrôlant la dynamique de réplication dans les cellules de mammifères. J ai étudié le rôle des kinases ATR ( Ataxia Telangectasia and Rad3 related ) et Chk1 ( Checkpoint Kinase 1 ), du point de contrôle intra-S ( checkpoint ), dans le contrôle de la dynamique de réplication. Cette première étude m a amené à étudier la relation entre les dommages à l ADN et la dynamique de réplication, dans des modèles cellulaires déficients pour des facteurs de la réponse aux dommages à l ADN (DDR), appartenant soit au checkpoint , soit à la voie de réparation par recombinaison homologue (HR), tels que Rad51 et BRCA2. Je montre ici, que le ralentissement des fourches de réplication et l augmentation de la densité d événements d initiation, observés dans des cellules déficientes pour Chk1 ou Rad51, sont la conséquence indirecte des lésions apparaissant spontanément dans de telles cellules. Le ralentissement des fourches dans ces cellules dépend d une perturbation de la disponibilité en précurseurs de nucléotides qui dépend de la sur-expression et/ou de la re-localisation de la sous-unité p53R2 de la ribonucléotide réductase (RNR). De plus, contrairement à ce qui était proposé, je montre que Chk1 n a pas de rôle actif dans la répression des origines latentes, mais que c est la vitesse des fourches qui détermine l espacement entre les origines actives, par un mécanisme de compensation découvert auparavant au laboratoire (Anglana, 2003 ; Courbet, 2008). L ensemble de mes résultats permet de proposer un mécanisme général de communication entre la réplication et la réparation. Ce mécanisme confère un avantage aux cellules, puisque le ralentissement des fourches stabilise la machinerie de réplication qui voyage sur une matrice endommagée, et l activation d origines latentes procure une source de sauvetage pour les fourches bloquéesPARIS-BIUSJ-Biologie recherche (751052107) / SudocSudocFranceF