Disentangling adaptive evolutionary radiations and the role of diet in promoting diversification on islands

Although the initial formulation of modern concepts of adaptive radiation arose from consideration of the fossil data, rigorous attempts to identify this phenomenon in the fossil record are largely uncommon. Here I focus on direct evidence of the diet (through tooth-wear patterns) and ecologicallyrelevant traits of one of the most renowned fossil vertebrates-the Miocene ruminant Hoplitomeryx from the island of Gargano-to deepen our understanding of the most likely causal forces under which adaptive radiations emerge on islands. Results show how accelerated accumulation of species and earlybursts of ecological diversification occur after invading an island, and provide insights on the interplay between diet and demographic (population-density), ecological (competition/food requirements) and abiotic (climate-instability) factors, identified as drivers of adaptive diversification. A pronounced event of overpopulation and a phase of aridity determined most of the rate and magnitude of radiation, and pushed species to expand diets from soft-leafy foods to tougher-harder items. Unexpectedly, results show that herbivorous mammals are restricted to browsing habits on small-islands, even if bursts of ecological diversification and dietary divergence occur. This study deepens our understanding of the mechanisms promoting adaptive radiations, and forces us to reevaluate the role of diet in the origins and evolution of islands mammals

The role of climate change in the extinction of the last wild equids of Europe: Palaeoecology of Equus ferus and Equus hydruntinus during the Last Glacial Period

This paper presents as main contribution the combination of membrane osmotic distillation (OD) to dealcoholize red wine with hydrophobic-hydrophilic pervaporation (PV) carried out to add value to the wastewater (extracting water) produced in OD, recycling water and generating bioethanol. Membrane OD with a commercial polypropylene hollow fiber module was applied to partially dealcoholize red wine from 14.0 to 11.0 v/v% ethanol. The OD extracting water, containing only ca. 5.3 wt% ethanol, was treated by sequential PV with both hydrophobic (PDMS or zeolite silicalite-1) and hydrophilic (zeolites mordenite or faujasite) membranes. This hydrophobic-hydrophilic PV produced two main products: bioethanol (recovering 88% of the ethanol removed from the wine) and a 99.4 wt% water-rich product. This water-rich product, with a very low ethanol content, was used as extracting water in the OD, giving rise to an analogous partially dealcoholized wine, in terms of aroma contents (as determined by gas chromatography for 25 compounds), to that achieved when using fresh water

Comparative study of the pathogenicity of seabed isolates of Fusarium equiseti and the effect of the composition of the mineral salt medium and temperature on mycelia growth

The pathogenicity of seven strains of Fusarium equiseti isolated from seabed soil was evaluated on different host plants showing pre and post emergence damage. Radial growth of 27 strains was measured on culture media previously adjusted to different osmotic potentials with either KCl or NaCl (-1.50 to - 144.54 bars) at 15º, 25º and 35º C. Significant differences and interactive effects were observed in the response of mycelia to osmotic potential and temperature

An investigation of social dynamics in Cape buffalo and implications for disease transmission at wildlife/domestic interfaces in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

In this work experimental analysis was carried out between incidence angle an Kerr signal intensity, that influences in the hystereteresis shape behavior, which establishes a direct relationship between both for longitudinal configuration on the Kerr Magnetometer. The results show a better behavior of the curve for the defined range from 10° to 60° of incident angle.En este trabajo se realiza un análisis experimental de la relación entre el ángulo de incidencia y la intensidad de la señal Kerr, que influye en la forma del ciclo de histéresis, planteándose una relación directa entre ambos para la configuración longitudinal en el magnetómetro Kerr. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian un mejor comportamiento de dicha curva para el rango comprendido entre 10° y 60 ° del ángulo de incidencia

Diseño de un software de intermediación de comunicación para sistemas distribuidos de tiempo real críticos en Java

Las facilidades e independencia de plataforma de Java han generado un gran interés en la comunidad de tiempo real. Dicho interés se ha reflejado en la especificación RTSJ (Real-Time Specification for Java), que extiende y adapta el lenguaje Java para permitir el desarrollo de sistemas de tiempo real. Adicionalmente, se han desarrollado perfiles de RTSJ para garantizar la predecibilidad en sistemas de tiempo real críticos. Sin embargo, RTSJ y sus perfiles no proporcionan facilidades para sistemas distribuidos. El objetivo de este trabajo es afrontar dicha limitación definiendo un nuevo modelo de RMI (Remote Method Invocation) basado en los principales perfiles de RTSJ para sistemas de tiempo real crítico. Este trabajo presenta el diseño y la implementación de RMI-HRT (RMI-Hard Real-Time) que está enfocado a sistemas de tiempo real crítico con requisitos de alta integridad

Horizontal Mergers, Entry and International Trade

We use a two-country trade model to analyze an authority's decision to approve or reject a merger followed by entry, when the entrant can choose where to locate. We show that approval of a merger in the small country followed by timely, likely and sufficient entry may lead to lower consumer welfare than its rejection: when the alternative to such entry is entry into another country that also benefits consumers through trade, then the gains of attracting entry are small. In this context, we discuss differences between optimal decisions by the small country's authority, large country's authority and supranational authority.proofpublishe