Transtornos emocionais em estudantes de medicina / Emotional disorders in medical students

Objetivo: avaliar a incidência do desenvolvimento de transtornos emocionais em estudantes de medicina.Métodos: Revisão Sistemática da Literatura. Utilizou-se a Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Institutos Nacionais de Saúde (PUBMED) e o Google Acadêmico como bases de dados, obtendo-se uma amostra final de 16 artigos, que respondiam a questão norteadora, selecionados após a análise crítica e aos pares dos estudos primariamente encontrados .Resultados: Os artigos possibilitaram evidenciar que os acadêmicos de medicina diretamente suscetíveis ao desenvolvimento de transtornos emocionais, tais como estresse, seguido pela depressão, pela síndrome de Burnout e, por fim, ansiedade.Conclusões: O curso de Medicina altera acidentalmente a qualidade de vida de seus estudantes.A constante pressão exercida pela vida acadêmica torna os estudantes altamente suscetíveis a transtornos emocionai

Assistência, atenção farmacêutica e a atuação do profissional farmacêutico na saúde básica / Pharmaceutical assistance, pharmaceutical care and the role of the pharmaceutical professional in basic health care

A profissão de farmacêutico assim como o farmacêutico vem sofrendo ao logo dos anos modificações constantes, essas mudanças ocorrem principalmente na área da atenção básica de saúde para garantir ao usuário o acesso ao serviço de saúde e ao medicamento que lhe é devido por lei. A matriz curricular dos cursos de graduação em farmácia foi sendo aprimorada de acordo com a necessidade de formar profissionais preparados para o mercado de trabalho assim como proporcionar a educação em saúde. A evolução é constante, e hoje o profissional graduado é capaz de atuar em diferentes frentes, sendo a presença do profissional farmacêutico essencial para o bom andamento em todas as etapas tanto da Assistência quanto da Atenção Farmacêutica. O objetivo desse estudo é descrever a importância da atuação desse profissional nos serviços de assistência e atenção à saúde que vem se transformando com o tempo como também suas ações frente ao paciente. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter bibliográfico, utilizando-se de periódicos disponíveis nas bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library Oline (SciELO), Pubmed, Google Acadêmico, foram utilizados também conteúdos disponíveis em livros textos e publicações na internet. Concluindo-se que ainda há muito o que fazer nessa área, sendo o medicamento uma questão desafiadora para Assistência Farmacêutica e a inclusão do farmacêutico na unidade de saúde do SUS um desafio a ser superado, ao mesmo tempo em que esse profissional necessita avançar na qualificação do cuidado ofertado

Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Caulerpa mexicana Suppress Cell Migration and Ear Edema Induced by Inflammatory Agents

The regulation of the inflammatory response is essential to maintaining homeostasis. Several studies have investigated new drugs that may contribute to avoiding or minimizing excessive inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of extracts of green algae Caulerpa mexicana on models inflammation. In mice, the inflammatory peritonitis model is induced by zymosan. Previous treatment of mice with aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. mexicana was able to suppress the cell migration to the peritoneal cavity, in a time-dependent but not in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of mice with C. mexicana extracts also decreased the xylene-induced ear edema, exerting strong inhibitory leukocyte migration elicited by zymosan into the air pouch. We concluded that administration of the extracts resulted in a reduction of cell migration to different sites as well as a decrease in edema formation induced by chemical irritants. This study demonstrates for the first time the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts from the green marine algae Caulerpa mexicana

Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activity from Algae of the Genus Caulerpa

Marine natural products have been the focus of discovery for new products of chemical and pharmacological interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the methanolic (ME), acetate (AE), hexanic (HE) and chloroform (CE) extracts obtained from Caulerpa mexicana, and ME, CE and HE obtained from Caulerpa sertularioides. These marine algae are found all over the world, mainly in tropical regions. Models such as the writhing test, the hot plate test and formalin-induced nociception test were used to evaluate antinociceptive activity in laboratory mice. In the writhing test, all the extracts were administered orally at a concentration of 100 mg/kg, and induced high peripheral antinociceptive activity, with a reduction in the nociception induced by acetic acid above 65%. In the hot plate test, treatment with extracts from C. sertularioides (100 mg/kg, p.o.) did not significantly increase the latency of response, although the ME, AE and HE from C. mexicana showed activity in this model. This result suggests that these extracts exhibit antinociceptive activity. In the formalin test, it was observed that ME, AE and HE obtained from C. mexicana reduced the effects of formalin in both phases. On the other hand only CE from C. sertularioides induced significant inhibition of the nociceptive response in the first phase. To better assess the potential anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts, the carrageenan-induced peritonitis test was used to test Caulerpa spp. extracts on cell migration into the peritoneal cavity. In this assay, all extracts evaluated were able to significantly inhibit leukocyte migration into the peritoneal cavity in comparison with carrageenan. These data demonstrate that extracts from Caulerpa species elicit pronounced antinociceptive and anti-inflamatory activity against several nociception models. However, pharmacological and chemical studies are continuing in order to characterize the mechanism(s) responsible for the antinociceptive action and also to identify the active principles present in the Caulerpa species

The Antinociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Caulerpin, a Bisindole Alkaloid Isolated from Seaweeds of the Genus Caulerpa

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of caulerpin was investigated. This bisindole alkaloid was isolated from the lipoid extract of Caulerpa racemosa and its structure was identified by spectroscopic methods, including IR and NMR techniques. The pharmacological assays used were the writhing and the hot plate tests, the formalin-induced pain, the capsaicin-induced ear edema and the carrageenan-induced peritonitis. Caulerpin was given orally at a concentration of 100 μmol/kg. In the abdominal constriction test caulerpin showed reduction in the acetic acid-induced nociception at 0.0945 μmol (0.0103–1.0984) and for dypirone it was 0.0426 μmol (0.0092–0.1972). In the hot plate test in vivo the inhibition of nociception by caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) was also favorable. This result suggests that this compound exhibits a central activity, without changing the motor activity (seen in the rotarod test). Caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) reduced the formalin effects in both phases by 35.4% and 45.6%, respectively. The possible anti-inflammatory activity observed in the second phase in the formalin test of caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) was confirmed on the capsaicin-induced ear edema model, where an inhibition of 55.8% was presented. Indeed, it was also observed in the carrageenan-induced peritonitis that caulerpin (100 μmol/kg, p.o.) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, reducing significantly the number of recruit cells by 48.3%. Pharmacological studies are continuing in order to characterize the mechanism(s) responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions and also to identify other active principles present in Caulerpa racemosa

Chemical Constituents and Biological Activity of a Marine Organism: Caulerpa mexicana, Bryothamnion triquetrum, Hypnea musciformis and Ircinia felix

The Brazil is among the first 10 countries in the ranking of the world's biodiversity and to present one of the largest coastal areas in the tropical region of the world has awakened to the importance of marine products as a source of richness of our flora and as a source of unbeatable structural diversity of chemicals of various classes, able to build molecules of high structural complexity, with absolute chemo, regio and stereoselectivity constituents. Being aware that one of the most important aspects in bioprospeção flora and fauna is the knowledge about the chemical and pharmacological potential aquatic habitat found on the Brazilian coast in particular Paraiba coast, aimed to isolate and identify the chemical constitintes three species of algae : Caulerpa mexicana, Hypnea musiformis and Bryothamnion triquetrum; and a sponge: Ircnia felix, as well as evaluate their cytotoxic and antitumor activities, and partnerships to conduct assessment of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of these products. Thus, by standard chromatographic and spectroscopic methods IR, 1H NMR and 13C and uni-dimensional, GC-MS, MALDI-MS and compared with literature values was possible to isolate and identify seven substances: a steroid and β-Sitosterol caulerpina one alkaloid from Caulerpa mexicana; Saringosterol one steroid and barbiturate 2,4,6 (1H, 3H, 5H)-pirimidinatriona, 5-ethyl-5-phenyl of Hypnea musciformis; one cholest-4-en-3-one steroid and phthalate Di-isobutilftalato of Bryothamnion triquetrum; and a derivative of N - [(4E)-3-hydroxy-1 - {[(sodiooxi) sulfonyl] oxy} non-2-en-4-yl] dotriacontanamida of Ircinia felix, first reported in the literature. The methanol extracts of Hypenea musciformis and Bryothamnion triquetrum showed high and low cytotoxicity, respectively, when evaluated their cytotoxicity in erythrocytes of Swiss mice. However, these same extracts did not exhibit cytotoxic activity against tumor cells of Ehrlich Ascitic. And so, through partnerships held was observed that extracts of Caulerpa mexicana and Bryothamnion triquetrum showed significant results in different models of inflammation and the bis-indole alkaloid, the major substance of Caulerpa mexicana in tumor models of inflammation and espamolítica activity showed significaivos results.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESO Brasil encontra-se entre os 10 primeiros países no ranking da biodiversidade mundial e por apresentar uma das maiores áreas costeiras na região tropical do planeta, tem despertado para a importância dos produtos marinhos como fonte da riqueza da nossa flora e, como fonte inigualável de diversidade estrutural de constituintes químicos das mais variadas classes, capazes de construir moléculas de alta complexidade estrutural, com absoluta quimio, regio e estereosseletividade. Tendo consciência de que um dos aspectos de maior importância na bioprospeção da fauna e flora é o conhecimento sobre o potencial químico-farmacológico encontrado no habitat aquático do litoral brasileiro em especial do litoral paraibano, objetivou isolar e identificar os constitintes químicos de três espécies de algas: Caulerpa mexicana, Hypnea musiformis e Bryothamnion triquetrum; e uma esponja: Ircnia felix, bem como, avaliar suas atividades citotóxicas e antitumoral, além de realizar parcerias para avaliação das atividades antinociceptivas e anti-inflamatórias destes produtos. Logo, através de métodos cromatográficos usuais e técnicas espectroscópicas de IV, RMN de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais, CG-EM, EM-MALDI e comparação com valores da literatura, foi possível isolar e identificar sete substâncias: um esteroide β-Sitosterol e um alcaloide caulerpina de Caulerpa mexicana; um esteroide Saringosterol e um barbitúrico 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- pirimidinatriona, 5-etil-5-fenil de Hypnea musciformis; um esteroide Colest-4-en-3-ona e um ftalato Di-isobutilftalato de Bryothamnion triquetrum; e um derivado de ácido N-[(4E)-3- hidroxi-1-{[(sodiooxi)sulfonil]oxi}non-4-en-2-il]dotriacontanamida de Ircinia felix, relatado pela primeira vez na literatura. Os extratos metanólicos de Hypenea musciformis e Bryothamnion triquetrum apresentaram alta e baixa citotoxicidade, respectivamente, quando avaliados a sua citotoxicidade em eritrócitos de camundongos Swiss. Entretanto, estes mesmos extratos não apresentam atividade citotóxica frente a células de Tumor Ascítico de Ehrlich. E assim, através das parcerias realizadas foi possível observar que os extratos de Caulerpa mexicana e Bryothamnion triquetrum apresentaram resultados significativos em diferentes modelos de inflamação e que o alcaloide bis-indólico, substância majoritária de Caulerpa mexicana em modelos tumorais, de inflamação e atividade espamolítica apresentou resultados significaivos

Flavonóides isolados de Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke (Fabaceae)

Piptadenia stipulaceae belonging to the Fabaceae family, one of the largest in dicots and the third largest family of flowering plants. This species is commonly known in the Brazilian Northeast as mimosa white, carcara, calumbi and is widely distributed in the caatinga, and is used in folk medicine in inflammation. This paper describes the isolation and structural identification of some chemical constituents of aerial parts of Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke, in order to increase knowledge about the chemical Piptadenia genus, and provide samples for testing to confirm the pharmacological popular use of the species. The chemical constituents were identified through analysis of data obtained by spectroscopic methods such as Infrared Spectroscopy and 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance uni-dimensional, and compared with literature values. Phytochemical study of the chloroform extract of P. stipulacea resulted in the isolation of five flavonoids: 5-7-dihydroxy-3,4 ,6- trimethoxyflavone; 4 ,5,7-trihydroxy-3,3 ,6-trimethoxyflavone; 4 ,5,7- trihydroxy-3 ,6- dimethoxyflavone, first reported in the genus, 3,3 ,5,7-tetrahydroxy-4 ,6- dimethoxyflavone and 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone, first described in the family.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorPiptadenia stipulaceae pertencente a família Fabaceae, uma das maiores em dicotiledôneas e a terceira maior família das angiospermas. Esta espécie é conhecida vulgarmente no Nordeste brasileiro como jurema branca, carcará, calumbi e apresenta ampla distribuição na caatinga nordestina, sendo utilizada na medicina popular nas inflamações. O presente trabalho descreve o isolamento e a identificação estrutural de alguns constituintes químicos das partes aéreas de Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) Ducke, com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento químico sobre o gênero Piptadenia, bem como disponibilizar amostras para a realização de ensaios farmacológicos que confirmem o uso popular da espécie. Os constituintes químicos foram identificados através da análise de dados obtidos por métodos espectroscópicos como IV e RMN de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais, além de comparação com valores da literatura. O estudo fitoquímico da fase clorofórmica de P. stipulacea resultou no isolamento de cinco flavonóides: 5-7-diidroxi-3,4 ,6- trimetoxiflavona; 4 ,5,7-triidroxi-3,3 ,6-trimetoxiflavona; 4 ,5,7-triidroxi-3 ,6- dimetoxiflavona, relatados pela primeira vez no gênero, 3,3 ,5,7-tetraiidroxi-4 ,6- dimetoxiflavona e 4',5,7-triidroxi-3,6-dimetoxiflavona, descritos pela primeira vez na família

Spasmolytic Effect of Caulerpine Involves Blockade of Ca2+ Influx on Guinea Pig Ileum

In this work, we investigated the spasmolytic effect of caulerpine, a bisindole alkaloid isolated from marine algae of the Caulerpa genus, on guinea pig ileum. Our findings indicated that caulerpine inhibited phasic contractions induced by carbachol (IC50 = 7.0 ± 1.9 × 10−5 M), histamine (IC50 = 1.3 ± 0.3 × 10−4 M) and serotonin (IC50 = 8.0 ± 1.4 × 10−5 M) in a non-selective manner. Furthermore, caulerpine concentration-dependently inhibited serotonin-induced cumulative contractions (pD′2 = 4.48 ± 0.08), shifting the curves to the right with Emax reduction and slope of 2.44 ± 0.21, suggesting a noncompetitive antagonism pseudo-irreversible. The alkaloid also relaxed the ileum pre-contracted by KCl (EC50 = 9.0 ± 0.9 × 10−5 M) and carbachol (EC50 = 4.6 ± 0.7 × 10−5 M) in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was probably due to inhibition of Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV), since caulerpine slightly inhibited the CaCl2-induced contractions in depolarizing medium without Ca2+, shifting the curves to the right and with Emax reduction. According to these results, the spasmolytic effect of caulerpine on guinea pig ileum seems to involve inhibition of Ca2+ influx through CaV. However, other mechanisms are not discarded