1,425 research outputs found
Return The Sunk Costs Are Sunk Concept To Principles Of Economics Textbooks
The purpose of this paper is to establish a compelling case for the inclusion of the profoundly important โsunk costs are sunkโ concept in all principles of economics textbooks.ย First, the paper will provide examples of the concept's relevance in political/military decisions.ย Second, it will supply business examples of where failure to recognize this concept has led to nearly disastrous results.ย Third, it will provide numerous examples of faulty decisions by individuals resulting from the non-application of the concept.ย ย Finally, the paper will provide a psychological explanation for the common failure to properly incorporate the concept into logical and rational decision-making
Donโt try to convince your employees to become environmental advocates
Just tell them why and how to adopt best practices, write William Young and Matthew Davi
Twelve Commandments Of Human Relations For The Diverse Academic Environment Of Colleges And Universities
This paper focuses on applying proven industrial relations approaches and sound management practice to address a range of diversity issues in higher education. Issues addressed include the need to set a clear and consistent direction, the importance of effective policy setting and enforcement, the value of positive reinforcement, and the recognition that there are limitations to the university's authority over time away from work. Clear policies, predictable outcomes, and continuous effort at open communication are the foundation for promoting the potential benefits of a diverse university community while guarding against potential disruptions and misunderstandings
How Prepared Are You For The First Day Of Class--Or "Blink", Does It Matter?
Recent findings indicate that students often form lasting impressions and opinions of teachers and their potential teaching effectiveness within the first few minutes or even the first few seconds on the first day of class. This paper argues it is the entire first day of an economics class that deserves special attention. Teachers of economics should clearly define economics as a science and explain its scientific methodology. They should emphasize the distinct limitations of economics that explain the many widespread disagreements among economists. Of equal importance, they should stress that understanding the science of economics will be of assistance in preparing and expanding a student’s critical-thinking skills that will ultimately result in sound decisions throughout life. Finally, the paper calls upon teachers to bond with their students by reaching out with genuine concern for each student's success in the class
Probing ISM Structure in Trumpler 14 & Carina I Using The Stratospheric Terahertz Observatory 2
We present observations of the Trumpler 14/Carina I region carried out using
the Stratospheric Terahertz Observatory 2 (STO2). The Trumpler 14/Carina I
region is in the west part of the Carina Nebula Complex, which is one of the
most extreme star-forming regions in the Milky Way. We observed Trumpler
14/Carina I in the 158 m transition of [C\,{\sc ii}] with a spatial
resolution of 48 and a velocity resolution of 0.17 km s. The
observations cover a 0.25 by 0.28 area with central position
{\it l} = 297.34, {\it b} = -0.60. The kinematics show that
bright [C\,{\sc ii}] structures are spatially and spectrally correlated with
the surfaces of CO clouds, tracing the photodissociation region and ionization
front of each molecular cloud. Along 7 lines of sight that traverse Tr 14 into
the dark ridge to the southwest, we find that the [C\,{\sc ii}] luminosity from
the HII region is 3.7 times that from the PDR. In same los we find in the PDRs
an average ratio of 1:4.1:5.6 for the mass in atomic gas:dark-CO gas: molecular
gas traced by CO. Comparing multiple gas tracers including HI 21cm, [C\,{\sc
ii}], CO, and radio recombination lines, we find that the HII regions of the
Carina Nebula Complex are well-described as HII regions with one-side freely
expanding towards us, consistent with the champagne model of ionized gas
evolution. The dispersal of the GMC in this region is dominated by EUV
photoevaporation; the dispersal timescale is 20-30 Myr.Comment: ApJ accepte
A Recombinant Rift Valley Fever Virus Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Confers Full Protection against Rift Valley Fever Challenge in Sheep
Citation: Faburay, B., Wilson, W. C., Gaudreault, N. N., Davis, A. S., Shivanna, V., Bawa, B., . . . Richt, J. A. (2016). A Recombinant Rift Valley Fever Virus Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Confers Full Protection against Rift Valley Fever Challenge in Sheep. Scientific Reports, 6, 12. doi:10.1038/srep27719Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen causing disease outbreaks in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The virus has great potential for transboundary spread due to the presence of competent vectors in non-endemic areas. There is currently no fully licensed vaccine suitable for use in livestock or humans outside endemic areas. Here we report the evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant subunit vaccine based on the RVFV Gn and Gc glycoproteins. In a previous study, the vaccine elicited strong virus neutralizing antibody responses in sheep and was DIVA (differentiating naturally infected from vaccinated animals) compatible. In the current efficacy study, a group of sheep (n=5) was vaccinated subcutaneously with the glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine candidate and then subjected to heterologous challenge with the virulent Kenya-128B-15 RVFV strain. The vaccine elicited high virus neutralizing antibody titers and conferred complete protection in all vaccinated sheep, as evidenced by prevention of viremia, fever and absence of RVFV-associated histopathological lesions. We conclude that the subunit vaccine platform represents a promising strategy for the prevention and control of RVFV infections in susceptible hosts
Experimental infection of calves by two genetically-distinct strains of rift valley fever virus
Citation: Wilson, W. C., Davis, A. S., Gaudreault, N. N., Faburay, B., Trujillo, J. D., Shivanna, V., . . . Richt, J. A. (2016). Experimental infection of calves by two genetically-distinct strains of rift valley fever virus. Viruses, 8(5). doi:10.3390/v8050145Additional Authors: McVey, D. S.Recent outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in ruminant livestock, characterized by mass abortion and high mortality rates in neonates, have raised international interest in improving vaccine control strategies. Previously, we developed a reliable challenge model for sheep that improves the evaluation of existing and novel vaccines in sheep. This sheep model demonstrated differences in the pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infection between two genetically-distinct wild-type strains of the virus, Saudi Arabia 2001 (SA01) and Kenya 2006 (Ken06). Here, we evaluated the pathogenicity of these two RVFV strains in mixed breed beef calves. There was a transient increase in rectal temperatures with both virus strains, but this clinical sign was less consistent than previously reported with sheep. Three of the five Ken06-infected animals had an early-onset viremia, one day post-infection (dpi), with viremia lasting at least three days. The same number of SA01-infected animals developed viremia at 2 dpi, but it only persisted through 3 dpi in one animal. The average virus titer for the SA01-infected calves was 1.6 logs less than for the Ken06-infected calves. Calves, inoculated with either strain, seroconverted by 5 dpi and showed time-dependent increases in their virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Consistent with the results obtained in the previous sheep study, elevated liver enzyme levels, more severe liver pathology and higher virus titers occurred with the Ken06 strain as compared to the SA01 strain. These results demonstrate the establishment of a virulent challenge model for vaccine evaluation in calves. ยฉ 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
Galaxy Zoo: dust and molecular gas in early-type galaxies with prominent dust lanes
We study dust and associated molecular gas in 352 nearby early-type galaxies
(ETGs) with prominent dust lanes. 65% of these `dusty ETGs' (D-ETGs) are
morphologically disturbed, suggesting a merger origin. This is consistent with
the D-ETGs residing in lower density environments compared to the controls
drawn from the general ETG population. 80% of D-ETGs inhabit the field
(compared to 60% of the controls) and <2% inhabit clusters (compared to 10% of
the controls). Compared to the controls, D-ETGs exhibit bluer UV-optical
colours (indicating enhanced star formation) and an AGN fraction that is more
than an order of magnitude greater (indicating higher incidence of nuclear
activity). The clumpy dust mass residing in large-scale features is estimated,
using the SDSS r-band images, to be 10^{4.5}-10^{6.5} MSun. A comparison to the
total (clumpy + diffuse) dust masses- calculated using the far-IR fluxes of 15%
of the D-ETGs that are detected by the IRAS- indicates that only ~20% of the
dust resides in these large-scale features. The dust masses are several times
larger than the maximum value expected from stellar mass loss, ruling out an
internal origin. The dust content shows no correlation with the blue
luminosity, indicating that it is not related to a galactic scale cooling flow.
No correlation is found with the age of the recent starburst, suggesting that
the dust is accreted directly in the merger rather than being produced in situ
by the triggered star formation. Using molecular gas-to-dust ratios of ETGs in
the literature we estimate that the median current and initial molecular gas
fraction are ~1.3% and ~4%, respectively. Recent work suggests that the merger
activity in nearby ETGs largely involves minor mergers (mass ratios between
1:10 and 1:4). If the IRAS-detected D-ETGs form via this channel, then the
original gas fractions of the accreted satellites are 20%-44%. [Abridged]Comment: 11 pages, 18 figures, 1 table, MNRAS (Accepted for publication- 2012
March 19
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