Morphology of small-scale submarine mass movement events across the northwest United Kingdom

A review of multibeam echo sounder (MBES) survey data from five locations around the United Kingdom northwest coast has led to the identification of a total of 14 separate subaqueous mass movement scars and deposits within the fjords (sea lochs) and coastal inlets of mainland Scotland, and the channels between the islands of the Inner Hebrides. In these areas, Quaternary sediment deposition was dominated by glacial and glaciomarine processes. Analysis of the morphometric parameters of each submarine mass movement has revealed that they fall into four distinct groups of subaqueous landslides; Singular Slumps, Singular Translational, Multiple Single-Type, and Complex (translational & rotational) failures. The Singular Slump Group includes discrete, individual subaqueous slumps that exhibit no evidence of modification through the merging of several scars. The Singular Translational Group comprise a single slide that displays characteristics associated with a single translational (planar) failure with no merging of multiple events. The Multiple Single-Type Group incorporates scars and deposits that displayed morphometric features consistent with the amalgamation of several failure events of the same type (e.g. debris flows or slumps). Finally, the Complex (translational & rotational) Group comprises landslides that exhibited complex styles of failures, including both translational and rotational mechanisms controlling the same slide. The submarine mass movements that comprise this dataset are then discussed in relation to global fjordic and glaciomarine nearshore settings, and slope failure trigger mechanisms associated with these environments are described with tentative links to individual submarine landslides from the database, where appropriate. It is acknowledged that additional MBES data are needed not only to expand this database, but also in order to create a more statistically robust study. However, this initial study provides the basis for a much wider investigation of subaqueous mass movements and correlations between their morphometric parameters

Historical framework to explain long-term coupled human and natural system feedbacks: application to a multiple-ownership forest landscape in the northern Great Lakes region, USA

Current and future human and forest landscape conditions are influenced by the cumulative, unfolding history of social-ecological interactions. Examining past system responses, especially unintended consequences, can reveal valuable insights that promote learning and adaptation in forest policy and management. Temporal couplings are complex, however; they can be difficult to trace, characterize, and explain. We develop a framework that integrates environmental history into analysis of coupled human and natural systems (CHANS). Our study demonstrates how historical data and methods can help to explain temporal complexity of long-term CHANS feedbacks. We focus on two sources of temporal complexity: legacy effects and lagged interactions. We apply our framework to a multiple-ownership forest landscape comprising tribal and nonindustrial private forest ownerships in Wisconsin. Our framework features four elements that help investigators better understand complex systems through time: (1) a temporal axis parsed into historical periods (periodization), (2) representation of links between historical periods and system feedbacks, (3) representation of land ownership history, and (4) nested geographical scales of historical analysis. The framework can help to reveal legacy effects and lagged interactions, illuminate turning points and periods in system dynamics, and distil insights from unintended consequences that inform institutional and policy adaptation. We also assess the validity of using land ownership to represent the social component of CHANS models. When treated as a categorical variable and interpreted in historical context, land ownership can validly represent decision-making structure, culture, and knowledge system in spatially explicit social-ecological models

Aesculapius: Adding a Dimension of Instruction Through Integrating Spatial Knowledge

Objective: A proof-of-concept for a platform designed to provide simulations modeling, in three dimensions, anatomical pathology/dysfunctions(as defined by osteopathic diagnostic criteria). Design/Methods: Data from a two dimensional Computerized Tomography (CT) image stack, uploaded to the Amira software, was analyzed and interpolated (slice-by-slice) to render individual three-dimensional bones and muscles. These data were used to construct educational simulations of kinetic three-dimensional movements—movements that are most often taught to be manifestations of musculoskeletal pathology in osteopathic medical schools in the United States. The movements modeled were: forward and backward rotation of the left innominate, and Fryette motion (Type I and Type II) in the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The rotation of the left innominate was paired with muscular attachments to a static right innominate, femur, and sacrum. The attachments are used as a reference to better demonstrate the etiology of bony dysfunctions caused by muscular hypertonicity in the lower limbs. The narrated simulations were uploaded unto the Sketchfab website as hyperlinks and plotted unto a spatially manipulatable, three dimensional, static, skeletal model of pathology. The plotted points hold information relevant to the pathology at bony landmarks with links to recordings of the techniques used to treat the pathology. The techniques are modeled and explained by medical students at Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine (MUCOM). Results: three dimensional models of dysfunctions that are represented statically, three dimensional models of dysfunctions that are represented kinetically with narration, and human models that describe and portray the techniques used to treat the dysfunction. Conclusions: the proof-of-concept elucidates the merit of utilizing the technology available, to aid in a restructured adjunctive approach to early osteopathic training. modeling, in three dimensions, anatomical pathology/dysfunctions(as defined by osteopathic diagnostic criteria). Design/Methods: Data from a two dimensional Computerized Tomography (CT) image stack, uploaded to the Amira software, was analyzed and interpolated (slice-by-slice) to render individual three-dimensional bones and muscles. These data were used to construct educational simulations of kinetic three-dimensional movements—movements that are most often taught to be manifestations of musculoskeletal pathology in osteopathic medical schools in the United States. The movements modeled were: forward and backward rotation of the left innominate, and Fryette motion (Type I and Type II) in the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The rotation of the left innominate was paired with muscular attachments to a static right innominate, femur, and sacrum. The attachments are used as a reference to better demonstrate the etiology of bony dysfunctions caused by muscular hypertonicity in the lower limbs. The narrated simulations were uploaded unto the Sketchfab website as hyperlinks and plotted unto a spatially manipulatable, three dimensional, static, skeletal model of pathology. The plotted points hold information relevant to the pathology at bony landmarks with links to recordings of the techniques used to treat the pathology. The techniques are modeled and explained by medical students at Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine (MUCOM). Results: three dimensional models of dysfunctions that are represented statically, three dimensional models of dysfunctions that are represented kinetically with narration, and human models that describe and portray the techniques used to treat the dysfunction. Conclusions: the proof-of-concept elucidates the merit of utilizing the technology available, to aid in a restructured adjunctive approach to early osteopathic training

Female Offenders in Child Sexual Abuse

In the United States criminal justice system, female sexual offenders are among the most unrepresented groups of individuals, and they have evaded detection and/or prosecution for many reasons. This chapter explores the characteristics and patterns of female sexual offenders based on the collection of available literature. We will discuss how personal trauma histories, mental health, substance abuse, and motivations of female sexual offenders differ from their male counterparts. Additionally, we cover how social perception presents female sexual offenders in a light that adversely impacts their interactions with the social systems and explore empirically validated myths, risks, and interventions for this population

Performance Assessment of Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging Instruments in a 2-Year Multicenter Breast Cancer Trial

We present a framework for characterizing the performance of an experimental imaging technology, diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI), in a 2-year multicenter American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) breast cancer study (ACRIN-6691). DOSI instruments combine broadband frequency-domain photon migration with time-independent near-infrared (650 to 1000 nm) spectroscopy to measure tissue absorption and reduced scattering spectra and tissue hemoglobin, water, and lipid composition. The goal of ACRIN-6691 was to test the effectiveness of optically derived imaging endpoints in predicting the final pathologic response of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Sixty patients were enrolled over a 2-year period at participating sites and received multiple DOSI scans prior to and during 3- to 6-month NAC. The impact of three sources of error on accuracy and precision, including different operators, instruments, and calibration standards, was evaluated using a broadband reflectance standard and two different solid tissue-simulating optical phantoms. Instruments showed \u3c 0.0010 mm−1 (10.3%) and 0.06 mm−1 (4.7%) deviation in broadband absorption and reduced scattering, respectively, over the 2-year duration of ACRIN-6691. These variations establish a useful performance criterion for assessing instrument stability. The proposed procedures and tests are not limited to DOSI; rather, they are intended to provide methods to characterize performance of any instrument used in translational optical imaging

The Three Rs: The Way Forward

This is the report of the eleventh of a series of workshops organised by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM), which was established in 1991 by the European Commission. ECVAM\u27s main goal, as defined in 1993 by its Scientific Advisory Committee, is to promote the scientific and regulatory acceptance of alternative methods which are of importance to the biosciences and which reduce, refine or replace the use of laboratory animals. One of the first priorities set by ECVAM was the implementation of procedures which would enable it to become well-informed about the state-of-the-art of non-animal test development and validation. and the potential for the possible incorporation of replacement alternative tests into regulatory procedures. It was decided that this would be best achieved by the organisation of ECVAM workshops on specific topics, at which small groups of invited experts would review the current status of various types of in vitro tests and their potential uses, and make recommendations about the best ways forward

Measurement of the Charged Multiplicities in b, c and Light Quark Events from Z0 Decays

Average charged multiplicities have been measured separately in $b$, $c$ and light quark ($u,d,s$) events from $Z^0$ decays measured in the SLD experiment. Impact parameters of charged tracks were used to select enriched samples of $b$ and light quark events, and reconstructed charmed mesons were used to select $c$ quark events. We measured the charged multiplicities: $\bar{n}_{uds} = 20.21 \pm 0.10 (\rm{stat.})\pm 0.22(\rm{syst.})$, $\bar{n}_{c} = 21.28 \pm 0.46(\rm{stat.}) ^{+0.41}_{-0.36}(\rm{syst.})$ $\bar{n}_{b} = 23.14 \pm 0.10(\rm{stat.}) ^{+0.38}_{-0.37}(\rm{syst.})$, from which we derived the differences between the total average charged multiplicities of $c$ or $b$ quark events and light quark events: $\Delta \bar{n}_c = 1.07 \pm 0.47(\rm{stat.})^{+0.36}_{-0.30}(\rm{syst.})$ and $\Delta \bar{n}_b = 2.93 \pm 0.14(\rm{stat.})^{+0.30}_{-0.29}(\rm{syst.})$. We compared these measurements with those at lower center-of-mass energies and with perturbative QCD predictions. These combined results are in agreement with the QCD expectations and disfavor the hypothesis of flavor-independent fragmentation.Comment: 19 pages LaTex, 4 EPS figures, to appear in Physics Letters

Genetic Associations for Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Prothrombin Time, their Gene Expression Profiles, and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease

Activatedpartialthromboplastintime (aPTT) and prothrombintime (PT) are clinical tests commonly used to screen for coagulation-factor deficiencies. One genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been reported previously for aPTT, but no GWAS has been reported for PT. We conducted a GWAS and meta-analysis to identify genetic loci for aPTT and PT. The GWAS for aPTT was conducted in 9,240 individuals of European ancestry from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, and the GWAS for PT was conducted in 2,583 participants from the Genetic Study of Three Population Microisolates in South Tyrol (MICROS) and the Lothian Birth Cohorts (LBC) of 1921 and 1936. Replication was assessed in 1,041 to 3,467 individuals. For aPTT, previously reported associations with KNG1, HRG, F11, F12, and ABO were confirmed. A second independent association in ABO was identified and replicated (rs8176704, p = 4.26 × 10−24). Pooling the ARIC and replication data yielded two additional loci in F5 (rs6028, p = 3.22 × 10−9) and AGBL1 (rs2469184, p = 3.61 × 10−8). For PT, significant associations were identified and confirmed in F7 (rs561241, p = 3.71 × 10−56) and PROCR/EDEM2 (rs2295888, p = 5.25 × 10−13). Assessment of existing geneexpression and coronaryarterydisease (CAD) databases identified associations of five of the GWAS loci with altered geneexpression and two with CAD. In summary, eight genetic loci that account for ∼29% of the variance in aPTT and two loci that account for ∼14% of the variance in PT were detected and supported by functional data