RELIABILITIES OF PLANTAR PRESSURE MEASURES: SYMMETRY INDICES DURING RUNNING AT TWO DIFFERENT VELOCITIES

Reliabilities (REL) of 4 plantar pressure parameters (PPP) and 4 symmetry indices (SI) were assessed during the support phase of treadmill running at 8 and 14 km*hr-1. Bilateral plantar pressure was recorded for 11 female and 9 male students with Pedar insoles during 4 right and 4 left foot contacts at each velocity. The RELs of 4 PPP (total peak force and peak pressures under the hallux, forefoot & heel) and their symmetery indices (Sis) were estimated by intraclass correlations (ICC). The ICCs for the PPP were in the range of 0.75-0.99 for 1 contact and 0.92-0.99 for 4 contacts. ICCs of the SIs were substantially lower than for PPP (0.41-0.85 for 1 contact and 0.74-0.96 for 4 contacts). ICCs at the heel were lower than at all other areas. A single measure of PPP provides high REL for all areas studied, except at the heel. A larger sample of foot contacts is necessary in order to ascertain highly reliable SI

SYMMETRY OF IN-SHOE PLANTAR PRESSURE DURING RUNNING

Symmetry during foot contact was studied during running on a treadmill at 8 and 14 km ·hr-1. In-shoe pressure was sampled during 4 right and 4 left foot contacts at each velocity. Symmetry indices (SI) were calculated for the heel, forefoot and hallux based on peak area pressure. SI was also calculated for the maximal force. Mean SIs were tested in relation to the null hypothesis of perfect symmetry (SI=0) and for differences between velocities. Bi-variate correlation coefficients were computed between all pairs of SI indices to assess velocity and area specificity. There was no evidence for velocity specificity of SI. Conversely, SI proved to be area specific. It was concluded that SI of the maximal force can not represent asymmetry in plantar pressure at the three areas of the foot

Wound healing in glaucoma filtering surgery

Successful glaucoma filtering surgery is characterized by the passage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the subconjunctival space, which results in the formation of a filtering bleb. Aqueous in the subconjunctival space may then exit by multiple pathways. Bled failure most often results from fibroblast proliferation and subconjunctival fibrosis. Factors associated with an increased risk of bleb failure include youth, aphakia, active anterior segment neovascularization, inflammation, previously failed glaucoma filtering surgery, and, possibly, race. Several surgical and pharmacologic techniques have recently been introduced to enhance success in eyes with poor surgical prognoses. To elucidate the scientific rationale of these methods, we summarize the process of wound healing after glaucoma filtering surgery and describe postoperative clinical and histopathologic features, factors which may affect success, and specific methods to improve surgical success.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/26516/1/0000054.pd

IGF-I AND FGF-2 RESPONSES TO WINGATE ANAEROBIC TEST IN OLDER MEN

Reduced activity of the potent anabolic effectors: insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), play a role in aging associated muscle loss. The effect of fitness level on IGF-I and FGF-2 responses to all-out anaerobic exercise in older men was studied. Twenty four healthy older males: 12 higher fit (58 ± 1y) and 12 lower fit (59 ± 1y) underwent the Wingate anaerobic test. Serum levels of IGF-I and FGF-2 were measured before, immediately after exercise, and 50 min into recovery. Immediately post exercise, the average peak power output and serum lactate were higher (p < 0.05) in the higher fit (446.0 ± 14. 9 kgm·min-1 for mean (± SD) peak power and 12.6 ± 1.1 mml·l-1 for lactate) compared with the lower fit individuals (284.0 ± 6.5 kgm·min-1 and 8.5 ± 0.7 mml·l-1, respectively). Pre-exercise IGF-I was lower and FGF-2 was higher in the higher fit (335.0 ± 54.0 ng·ml-1 and 1.6 ± 0.1 ng·ml-1, respectively) compared with lower fit individuals (402.0 ± 50.0 ng·ml-1 and 1.4 ± 0.2 ng·ml-1, respectively). Following the anaerobic exercise, in both groups, FGF-2 decreased dramatically (p < 0.05); in the higher fit individuals FGF-2 level was 0.4 ± 0.1 pg·ml-1 compared to 0.1 ± 0.02 pg·ml-1 in the lower fit individuals. In contrast to FGF-2, IGF-I increased transiently to levels of 405.0 ± 62.0 ng·ml-1 in the higher fit individuals and to levels of 436 ± 57.0 ng·ml-1 in the lower fit individuals. However, the IGF-I elevation was significant (p < 0. 05) only in the higher fit individuals. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that during aging, fitness level can alter circulating levels of IGF-I and FGF-2. Furthermore, fitness level can affect the response of both mediators to all-out anaerobic exercise

Are S-Klotho’s Maximal concentrations dependent on Exercise Intensity and Time in young adult males?

The purpose of the present study was to define the period of time in which aerobic training does not increase further serum S-Klotho levels in untrained young adult males, and to examine the relation between plasma S-Klotho concentration and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Methods: Sixty (60) untrained subjects (27.05&plusmn;1.1 years) were divided into 2 groups, both exercised six months 4&times;wk-1 for the duration of 45 min&times;session. One group (LTI) exercised below the anaerobic threshold at 40-50% of VO2max, while the second group (HTI) worked above the anaerobic threshold at 65-70% of VO2max. Testing sessions were performed at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months. Blood samples were drawn after overnight fasting; S-Klotho was analyzed using an ELISA kit. Results: Following 2 and 4 months, significant (p&le;0.05) increases were noted in the HTI group, at the fourth testing session, S-Klotho leveled off. In the LTI group, S-Klotho remained almost unchanged. Findings of the present study, support emerging evidence suggesting that a relation between plasma S-Klotho concentration and VO2max exists. Conclusion: Data suggest that increases in S-Klotho is tidally associated with VO2max levels. In addition, the S-Klotho increase levels-off following 4 months of aerobic training. Exercising below the anaerobic threshold does not increase VO2max and thus, does not increase S-Klotho. &nbsp