Nonlinear Stochastic Filtering for Online State of Charge and Remaining Useful Life Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery

Battery state monitoring is one of the key techniques in Battery Management System (BMS). Accurate estimation can help to improve the system performance and to prolong the battery lifetime. The main challenges for the state online estimation of Li-ion batteries are the flat characteristic of open circuit voltage (OCV) with the function of the state of charge. Hence, the focus of this thesis study is to estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of Li-ion with high accuracy, more robustness. A 2nd order RC equivalent circuit model is adapted to battery model for simulation, mathematical model analysis, and dynamics characteristic of battery study. Model parameters are identified with MATLAB battery model simulation. Although with more lumped RC loaders, the model is more accurate, high computation with a higher nonlinear function of output will be. So, a discrete state space model for the battery is developed. For a complex battery model with strong nonlinearity, Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method can be utilized to perform the on-line SOC estimation. An SMC integrates the Bayesian learning methods with sequential importance sampling. SMC approximate the posterior density function by a set of particles with associated weights, which is developed in MATLAB environment to estimate on-line SOC. A comparison is presented with Kalman Filtering and Extended Kalman Filtering to validated estimation results with SMC. Finally, the comparison results provide that SMC method is more accurate and robust then KF and EKF. Accurately prediction of Remaining Useful Life of Li-ion batteries is necessary to reliable system operation and monitoring the BMS. An empirical model for capacity degradation has been developed based on experimentally obtained capacity fade data. A nonlinear, non-Gaussian state space model is developed for empirical model. The obtained empirical model used in Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) framework is to update the on-line state and model parameters to make a prediction of remaining useful life of a Li-ion battery at various lifecycle

Synthesis, characterization, docking and antimicrobial activity studies of binuclear Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of bis aroylhydrazone and phenanthroline

ABSTRACT. Schiff base (HL) N1,N3-bis(4-(methylthio)benzylidene)-5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dihydrazide (HL) has been prepared from condensation of 4-(methyl thio)benzaldehyde with 5-nitrobenzene-1,3-dihydrazide. Binucleated mixed ligand complexes of nickel(II) ([Ni2(L)(dmphen)2]Cl2, [Ni2(L)(phen)2]Cl2) and cobalt(II) ([Co2(HL)(dmphen)2]Cl2, [Co2(HL)(phen)2]Cl2) complexes have been synthesized from Schiff base (HL) and 1,10-phenanthroline/2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Visible, magnetic moment, SEM, powder X-ray diffraction and molar conductivity measurements. Further, the Schiff base and its metal complexes have been investigated for fluorescence activity and molecular docking studies. In addition, Schiff base and its metal complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity against bacteria: Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and fungi: Sclerotium rolfsii and Macrophomina phaseolina.                     KEY WORDS: Growth inhibitors, Ternary complex, Tuberculosis, Fluorescence activity, Crystal system   Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(3), 499-511. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i3.

Real And Reactive Power Saving In Three Phase Induction Machine Using Star-Delta Switching Schemes

ABSTRACT: Induction machines are the most commonly used industrial drives for variety of applications. It has been estimated that induction motors consumes approximately 50 % of all the electric energy generated. Further, in the area of renewable energy sources, such as wind or bio-mass energy, induction machines have been found suitable for functioning as generators. In this context, it may be mentioned that a star-delta switching is common for the starting of three-phase induction motor. Now, it is proposed to use this star-delta switching for energy conservation of induction machines, i.e., at times of reduced loads, the machine switched back to star connection. Using a three-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole induction machine, it has been demonstrated that the star-delta switching of stator winding of three-phase induction machine (motor / generator operations) reconnected in star at suitable reduced loads with a switching arrangement, can result in improved efficiency and power factor, as compared to a fixed delta or star connection. The predetermined values along with the experimental results have also been presented in this report. A simulation program has been developed for the predetermination of performance of the three-phase induction machine using exact equivalent circuit. A case study on a 250 kW, 400 V, 4-pole, threephase induction machine, operated with different load cycles, reveals the significant real and reactive power savings that could be obtained in the present proposal

MODELLING AND FE ANALYSIS OF GAS TURBINE BLADE

Gas turbines are widely used for sale craft impulse, deposit-back spirit structure and industrial applications. Thermal effectiveness of gas turbine correct by increasing turbine rotor entrance compound the authentic rotor entrance temperature in sophisticated gas turbine is for above the melting stage of blade material. A debase cooling designate must be developed for continuous whole change of gasoline turbines with violent deed. Gas turbines are cooled beyond and internally. Several methods have been insinuate for the refrigerator of blades and vanes. The techniques that involve cooling the blades and vanes by using freezing methods is to have divergent cave to approach high velocity cooling gas along the blade range. In this proposition a turbine blade is show and sculptural in CREO parametric software. The turbine blades are sketch using film cooling. The turbine blade with film refrigerating for no hollow, 3 orifices, 7 holes, 13 holes is sculpturesque. CFD, Thermal analysis is done by using Ansys soft war

Enhancement of dissolution rate of racecadotril by liquisolid compact technology

The current investigation was used to improve the rate of dissolution of an anti-diarrheal drug i.e., racecadotril (RT) at low pH conditions (i.e., in the stomach) by reducing the water secretion and electrolyte in to the intestine by liquisolid tablets. Different formulations (liquisolid) were prepared using Avicel PH 102 as a carrier. Aerosil 200 as a coating material and sodium starch glycolate used as a disintegrant. Polyethylene glycol 200 was used as a non-volatile vehicle to dissolve the drug. FTIR, DSC, XRD and dissolution studies were conducted to characterise liquisolid tablets. Characterisation studies indicated that no interactions between carrier and drug. Solid state characterization had shown a reduction in crystallinity that further supports increment in solubility and dissolution. The optimised formulation showed a significant increase in dissolution i.e., 99.54±0.62% in 30 min compared to directly compressible tablets (38.47±0.26%). The % dissolution efficiency of racecadotril liquisolid tablets 76.86% compared to marketed tablet (27.56%) and conventional direct compression tablet (17.11%). Significant reduction in mean dissolution time of racecadotril from liquisolid tablets (6.84 min) compared to direct compression tablet (44.57 min), indicating faster release of drug and faster onset of action. Formulation of liquisolid tablets could enhance solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of racecadotril

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MECLIZINE HYDROCHLORIDE FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS USING SOLID DISPERSION METHOD

The present research is aimed to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol 4000 and 6000 as solid dispersions carriers on the solubility and dissolution rate of Meclizine hydrochloride. In this, meclizine hydrochloride solid dispersions were prepared using solvent evaporation method and evaluated for solubility studies, drug-carrier compatibility studies and in vitro dissolution studies. Formulations F4 and F8 were selected to prepare the tablets and compared with control tablets (conventional tablets using pure drug). From the in vitro dissolution studies, tablets containing polyethylene glycol 6000 showed almost complete drug release within the 20 min. The percent drug release in 20 min (Q20) and initial dissolution rate for formulation F8 was 99.26±1.62%, 4.96%/min. These were very much higher compared to control tablets (44.67±1.48 %, 2.23%/min). The relative dissolution rate was found to be 2.22 and dissolution efficiency was found to be 57.94 and it is increased by 3.0 fold with F8 formulation when compared to control tablets (22.05). In conclusion, formulation of the meclizine hydrochloride-polyethylene glycol solid dispersions is a suitable approach to improve the solubility and dissolution rate.    Key Words: Dissolution efficiency, Initial dissolution rate, Polyethylene glycol, Relative dissolution rate, Solubility

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE AND DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE CITRATE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: The present study describes method development and subsequent validation of RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Diethylcarbamazine citrate and Chlorpheniramine maleate in tablet dosage forms.Method: Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for simultaneous estimation of Diethylcarbamazine citrate and Chlorpheniramine maleate in combined dosage forms. RP-HPLC separation was achieved by using Kromasil C18 column (250mm 4.6mm, 5mm) with mobile phase consisting of (80:20) Acetonitrile: Potassium di hydrogen phosphate solution (0.01M, pH 3.0 adjusting with Ortho phosphoric acid) with a flow rate 1.0 ml/min (UV detection 238nm).Results: The retention time of Diethylcarbamazine citrate and Chlorpheniramine maleate were found to be 2.808 min and 4.042 min respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines using the parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity, LOD, LOQ and robustness. Linearity was observed over the concentration range 10–50 µg/ml with regression equation y=1099x+1143, R2=0.999 for CPM and y=10972x+14199, R2=0.998 for DEC.Conclusion: The developed and validated RP-HPLC method was successfully used for the quantitative analysis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate and Chlorpheniramine maleate in combined tablet dosage forms. KEY WORDS:Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Eofil Forte tablet dosage forms, HPLC, Method validation

Synthesis, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, DNA interactions, ADMET, molecular docking, and antioxidant evaluation of novel Schiff base and their Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes

Here, three bivalent transition metal complexes of [ML2] kind (where M = Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II); HL = 2-(E)-(5-cyclohexyl-2-methoxyphenylimino)methyl)-5-methylphenol), and various analytical techniques such as elemental analysis, mass, IR, NMR, UV–visible, TGA, magnetic moments, and ESR were employed for characterization. From the analytical data it is found that the Ni (II) and Cu (II) complexes adopted a square planar geometry, while the Co (II) complex adopted an octahedral geometry. Molecular docking investigations were carried out of Schiff base ligand (HL), the results illustrated that the ligand exhibited significant affinities for a few proteins. Monometallic metal compounds interaction with CT-DNA was studied by fluorescence measurements, viscosity and UV–Vis investigations, which is illustrated that all the three metal compounds strongly intercalated to CT-DNA. The synthesized metal compounds (1a-1c) with supercoiled pBR322 DNA was used in cleavage experiments. Based on findings, DNA cleavage by the Cu(II) complexes was more effective than that of the Co(II) and Ni(II) compounds. All synthesised compounds toxic effects on cancer cell lines A-549 and MCF-7 were evaluated by MTT assay. The obtained results indicated that Cu(II) complex is more effective towards tumour cells than other complexes. In addition to the evaluation of all synthesised complexes for antimicrobial properties, it was observed that all of the metal complexes showed higher efficacy against microorganisms compared to the free ligand. Finally, drug likeness and ADMET studies was performed on Schiff base ligand (HL). These studies indicated that the ligand possessed high potency and showed potential as a drug agent for pathogens causing deformities