CORROSION INHIBITION PERFOMANCE OF FOUR NATURAL THIAZOLE DERIVATIVES: QUANTUM CHEMICAL AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION STUDIE

Some thiazole derivatives: 2-acetyl-thiazole, 2-isobutyl-thiazole, 4-methyl-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-thiazole, 2,4,5-trimethyl-thiazole used as corrosion inhibitors for iron were calculated at DFT-PBEPBE/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory and by Monte Carlo simulations. Quantum chemical parameters such as EHOMO, ELUMO, and HOMO and LUMO energy gap, chemical potential (m), electronegativity (c), global hardness (h), softness (S), dipole moment and electrophilicity index (w) have been calculated and discussed in detail to evaluate their inhibiting effectiveness. Mulliken-charges distribution and Fukui function were also calculated in order to visualize the reactive sites of the inhibitor molecules. Calculated results show that 2-acetyl-thiazole represents as the most efficient corrosion inhibitor. The –C4=C5– atomic center of thiazole ring demonstrates as the adsorption site in reaction with metallic surface. Corrosion inhibition effectiveness can be classified in decreasing order: ATZ TMTZ » SFR ISTZ.  Adsorption energies and interaction configurations of the four thiazole derivatives on Fe (110) were obtained using the Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicate that sulphur and nitrogen atoms as well as π-electronic systems within the thiazole ring aided the interaction between the inhibitor molecules and the Fe surface. All the four thiazole molecules adsorbed in parallel orientations on Fe (110) surface which ensures strong interactions with Fe. The adsorption energies were in accord with the results obtained using quantum chemical calculations.

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF FOLIC ACID: A DFT STUDY

Antioxidant activity of folic acid (FA) was investigated via two main antioxidant mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. The characterizing thermochemical properties such as bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs), ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA) were calculated in the gas phase. Analyses of HOMOs distribution shows that the postions which easily donate electrons to free radicals are essentially found at C ring, while the positions which easily accept electrons (LUMOs) from radicals are mainly situated at B ring. The lowest BDE values equal to 76.5 and 80.1 kcal/mol are obtained at C19-H and C9–H position, respectively. It is showed that FA represents a potential antioxidant via HAT mechanism. In addition, the IE and EA values calculated in the gas phase are equal to 5.45 eV and 1.87 eV, respectively. This result shows that FA has higher ability to donate electrons into free radicals, while the ability to receive electrons is quite weak. Finally, the HAT reaction between FA and reactive radical like HOO• was also calculated at the same level of theory. This provides more insight into its mechanism on free radicals scavenging

EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUENTS ON CH BOND DISSOCIATION ENTHALPIES OF ENT-KAURANE DITERPENOIDS: A DFT STUDY

C-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of seven ent-kaurane diterpenoids extracted from Croton tonkinensis Gagnep. have been investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) method. The calculations were performed at the M05-2X/6-31+G(d) level of theory. Additionally, insight into the effects of different substituents including –NH2, –OH, –NO2, –SH, –CN, –Cl, –CONH2, –CH-(CH3)2, –NHCOCH3, –OCOCH3 and –C2H5 on BDE have also been provided. The results showed that the BDE value of ent-16(S)-18-acetoxy-7b-hydroxykaur-15-one compound is lowest, being 83.5 kcal/mol. Among substituents binding at C16 position of this molecule, –NH2 has the most remarkable influence on the BDE (C-H) value. Indeed, the BDE of C16-H significantly decreases from 83.5 to 68.4 kcal/mol when replacing –CH3 group by –NH2 one at the C16 position. The obtained results may provide more information for organic synthesis of ent-kaurane based – novel antioxidant compounds

Multiple Recurrent Acute Ischemic Strokes Treated by Thrombectomy in a Patient with Acute Pulmonary Embolism

BACKGROUND: Thrombectomy is recommended to treat for an acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patient with anterior large vessel occlusion. However, there were neither detailed guidelines nor systematic reviews of acute ischemic stroke patients having multiple times or re-occluded arteries. CASE REPORT: In our case report, we struggled a multiple (4-times) AIS patient underwent by one intravenous r-tpA and 3 remaining of endovascular treatment of thrombectomy. Especially, the finding of both pulmonary embolism and cerebral arteries occlusion in this patient made us difficult to decide the appropriate treatment plan. The patient was considered having multiple cardiac thrombi pumping out to the brain and pulmonary vessels even in treatment with NOAC (New Oral Anticoagulant). Our priority, normally, was to recanalize the brain vessels compared to the pulmonary arteries. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, based on this noticed case study, we want to share our experiences on the diagnosis of ischemic stroke, the strategy in treatment and prevention with anticoagulant therapy

Ventilator-associated respiratory infection in a resource-restricted setting: impact and etiology.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator-associated respiratory infection (VARI) is a significant problem in resource-restricted intensive care units (ICUs), but differences in casemix and etiology means VARI in resource-restricted ICUs may be different from that found in resource-rich units. Data from these settings are vital to plan preventative interventions and assess their cost-effectiveness, but few are available. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study in four Vietnamese ICUs to assess the incidence and impact of VARI. Patients ≥ 16 years old and expected to be mechanically ventilated > 48 h were enrolled in the study and followed daily for 28 days following ICU admission. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty eligible patients were enrolled over 24 months, and after exclusions, 374 patients' data were analyzed. A total of 92/374 cases of VARI (21.7/1000 ventilator days) were diagnosed; 37 (9.9%) of these met ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) criteria (8.7/1000 ventilator days). Patients with any VARI, VAP, or VARI without VAP experienced increased hospital and ICU stay, ICU cost, and antibiotic use (p < 0.01 for all). This was also true for all VARI (p < 0.01 for all) with/without tetanus. There was no increased risk of in-hospital death in patients with VARI compared to those without (VAP HR 1.58, 95% CI 0.75-3.33, p = 0.23; VARI without VAP HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.14-1.17, p = 0.09). In patients with positive endotracheal aspirate cultures, most VARI was caused by Gram-negative organisms; the most frequent were Acinetobacter baumannii (32/73, 43.8%) Klebsiella pneumoniae (26/73, 35.6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24/73, 32.9%). 40/68 (58.8%) patients with positive cultures for these had carbapenem-resistant isolates. Patients with carbapenem-resistant VARI had significantly greater ICU costs than patients with carbapenem-susceptible isolates (6053 USD (IQR 3806-7824) vs 3131 USD (IQR 2108-7551), p = 0.04) and after correction for adequacy of initial antibiotics and APACHE II score, showed a trend towards increased risk of in-hospital death (HR 2.82, 95% CI 0.75-6.75, p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: VARI in a resource-restricted setting has limited impact on mortality, but shows significant association with increased patient costs, length of stay, and antibiotic use, particularly when caused by carbapenem-resistant bacteria. Evidence-based interventions to reduce VARI in these settings are urgently needed

Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged ≥18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2–15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76–1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed

Nitric oxydes advanced gas reburning technologies : experimental and kinetic studies on semi-industrial reactor

L 'objectif de ce travail consiste à étudier les influences de principaux paramètres de fonctionnement sur la performance de réduction de NO par les procédés de Recombustion et de Réduction Sélective Non-Catalytique (RSNC) en utilisant respectivement le méthane (CH4) et l'ammoniac (NH3) comme agent réducteur. Les études paramétriques de réduction de NO ont été réalisées sur un réacteur de type piston à l'échelle de laboratoire. Les gaz brûlés sont analysées par un système d'analyse Infrarouge à Transformée de Fourrier (lRTF). Les principaux paramètres de fonctionnement tels que la température des fumés, le temps de passage, la concentration initiale en NO et la quantité d'agent réducteur injecté ont été systématiquement analysés en mode de Recombustion et de RSNC. En conséquence, les taux de réduction maximaux de NO prés de 90% et de 80% ont été obtenus respectivement en mode de Recombustion et de RSNC classique. Plusieurs composés chimiques tels que CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, CH3OH, C2H5OH, CO et H2 sont évalués comme additifs pour le procédé de réduction de NO par NH3. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus en mode de Recombustion ont été comparés à ceux issus de la modélisation par le code de calcul SENKIN-CHEMKIN Il en utilisant quatre mécanismes de référence: GDF-Kin®3.0_NCN (El Bakali et col, 2006), Glarborg (Glarbarg et col, 1998), GRI3.0 (Smith et col, 1999) et Konnov (Kannov et col. 2005). Le mécanisme AA2006 de Coda Zabetta et Hupa, (2008) est modifié pour analyser l'aspect cinétique chimique d'effets des additifs sur la réduction de NO par NH3The aim of this study is firstly to evaluate the influences of principal working parameters on the NO reduction efficiency of the Reburning and Selective Non Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) processes that use respectively methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) as reducing agent. The parametric studies of NO reduction were performed in a lab-scale plug flow reactor. The gaseous influents were analyzed by an analytic system of Fourier Transform lnfrared spectroscopy (FTlR). The principal operating parameters such as: the flue gas temperature, the residence time, the NO initial concentration and the reducing agent amount were systematically evaluated in the Reburning and SNCR mode. As a result. the maximum NO reduction efficiencies up to 90% and 80% are respectively obtained in the Reburning and classical SNCR mode. Several chemical compounds such as CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, CH3OH, C2H5OH, CO and H2 are tested as additives of the NO reduction process by NH3. The experimental results obtained in the Reburning mode are compared with the modeling ones obtained by the SENKIN-CHEMKIN Il calculation code in using four detailed kinetic mechanisms: GDF-Kin®3.0_NCN (El Bakali et col, 2006), GIarborg (Glarbarg et col, 1998), GRI3.0 (Smith, et col,1999) et Konnov (Kannov et col, 2005). The detailed mechanism AA2006 (Coda Zabetta and Hupa, 20(8) is modified in order to analyze the chemical kinetic aspect of the intluences of additives on the NO reduction performance of SNCR process