Beam-induced Fe nanopillars as tunable domain-wall pinning sites

Focused-electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is employed to create freestanding magnetic nanostructures. By growing Fe nanopillars on top of a perpendicular magnetic domain wall (DW) conduit, pinning of the DWs is observed due to the stray fields emanating from the nanopillar. Furthermore, a different DW pinning behavior is observed between the up and down magnetic states of the pillar, allowing to deduce the switching fields of the pillar in a novel way. The implications of these results are two-fold: not only can 3-dimensional nano-objects be used to control DW motion in applications, it is also proposed that DW motion is a unique tool to probe the magnetic properties of nano-objects

Essential Oils as Multicomponent Mixtures and Their Potential for Human Health and Well-Being

Essential oils (EOs) and their individual volatile organic constituents have been an inherent part of our civilization for thousands of years. They are widely used as fragrances in perfumes and cosmetics and contribute to a healthy diet, but also act as active ingredients of pharmaceutical products. Their antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties have qualified EOs early on for both, the causal and symptomatic therapy of a number of diseases, but also for prevention. Obtained from natural, mostly plant materials, EOs constitute a typical example of a multicomponent mixture (more than one constituent substances, MOCS) with up to several hundreds of individual compounds, which in a sophisticated composition make up the property of a particular complete EO. The integrative use of EOs as MOCS will play a major role in human and veterinary medicine now and in the future and is already widely used in some cases, e.g., in aromatherapy for the treatment of psychosomatic complaints, for inhalation in the treatment of respiratory diseases, or topically administered to manage adverse skin diseases. The diversity of molecules with different functionalities exhibits a broad range of multiple physical and chemical properties, which are the base of their multi-target activity as opposed to single isolated compounds. Whether and how such a broad-spectrum effect is reflected in natural mixtures and which kind of pharmacological potential they provide will be considered in the context of ONE Health in more detail in this review

Essential Oils as Multicomponent Mixtures and Their Potential for Human Health and Well-Being

Essential oils (EOs) and their individual volatile organic constituents have been an inherent part of our civilization for thousands of years. They are widely used as fragrances in perfumes and cosmetics and contribute to a healthy diet, but also act as active ingredients of pharmaceutical products. Their antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties have qualified EOs early on for both, the causal and symptomatic therapy of a number of diseases, but also for prevention. Obtained from natural, mostly plant materials, EOs constitute a typical example of a multicomponent mixture (more than one constituent substances, MOCS) with up to several hundreds of individual compounds, which in a sophisticated composition make up the property of a particular complete EO. The integrative use of EOs as MOCS will play a major role in human and veterinary medicine now and in the future and is already widely used in some cases, e.g. , in aromatherapy for the treatment of psychosomatic complaints, for inhalation in the treatment of respiratory diseases, or topically administered to manage adverse skin diseases. The diversity of molecules with different functionalities exhibits a broad range of multiple physical and chemical properties, which are the base of their multi-target activity as opposed to single isolated compounds. Whether and how such a broad-spectrum effect is reflected in natural mixtures and which kind of pharmacological potential they provide will be considered in the context of ONE Health in more detail in this review

Hybrid selection for sequencing pathogen genomes from clinical samples

We have adapted a solution hybrid selection protocol to enrich pathogen DNA in clinical samples dominated by human genetic material. Using mock mixtures of human and Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite DNA as well as clinical samples from infected patients, we demonstrate an average of approximately 40-fold enrichment of parasite DNA after hybrid selection. This approach will enable efficient genome sequencing of pathogens from clinical samples, as well as sequencing of endosymbiotic organisms such as Wolbachia that live inside diverse metazoan phyla

Long-range symmetry breaking in embedded ferroelectrics

The characteristic functionality of ferroelectric materials is due to the symmetry of their crystalline structure. As such, ferroelectrics lend themselves to design approaches that manipulate this structural symmetry by introducing extrinsic strain. Using in situ dark-field X-ray microscopy to map lattice distortions around deeply embedded domain walls and grain boundaries in BaTiO3, we reveal that symmetry-breaking strain fields extend up to several micrometres from domain walls. As this exceeds the average domain width, no part of the material is elastically relaxed, and symmetry is universally broken. Such extrinsic strains are pivotal in defining the local properties and self-organization of embedded domain walls, and must be accounted for by emerging computational approaches to material design

Searching for ‘relations’ using a DNA linking register by adults conceived following sperm donation

This paper considers how sperm donor-conceived adults registered with a voluntary DNA linking register, UK DonorLink, constructed identity and relatedness by examining two areas: how their identity was affected by becoming aware that they were donor-conceived; and the process of searching for their donor and donor-conceived siblings. The views and experiences of donor-conceived adults has, until recently, been a neglected area. This study is the first to consider the experiences of those searching through a DNA-based register, and contributes to the growing literature on searching. This paper presents qualitative data from a questionnaire-based study with 65 adults conceived following sperm donation. It examines emerging linkages by investigating how ideas of relatedness, kinship and identity were enacted and how narrative certainties were moved and removed by opening up new conceptions of what it means to be ‘related’. Their knowledge of being donor-conceived was both a powerful disrupter and a consolidator of family relationships. No single story of being donor-conceived emerged – with competing narratives about the effects and implications for respondents’ kinship relationships and sense of identity. This study sheds light on how kinship relationships are negotiated and managed in adulthood by those conceived following sperm donation and how this can change over the life-course

Prenatal Stress Exposure Related to Maternal Bereavement and Risk of Childhood Overweight

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that prenatal stress contributes to the risk of obesity later in life. In a population-based cohort study, we examined whether prenatal stress related to maternal bereavement during pregnancy was associated with the risk of overweight in offspring during school age. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We followed 65,212 children born in Denmark from 1970-1989 who underwent health examinations from 7 to 13 years of age in public or private schools in Copenhagen. We identified 459 children as exposed to prenatal stress, defined by being born to mothers who were bereaved by death of a close family member from one year before pregnancy until birth of the child. We compared the prevalence of overweight between the exposed and the unexposed. Body mass index (BMI) values and prevalence of overweight were higher in the exposed children, but not significantly so until from 10 years of age and onwards, as compared with the unexposed children. For example, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for overweight was 1.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-2.61) at 12 years of age and 1.63 (95% CI 1.00-2.61) at 13 years of age. The highest ORs were observed when the death occurred in the period from 6 to 0 month before pregnancy (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.71-6.42 at age 12, and OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.08-4.97 at age 13). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that severe pre-pregnancy stress is associated with an increased risk of overweight in the offspring in later childhood

Acquired Type III Secretion System Determines Environmental Fitness of Epidemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Interaction with Bacterivorous Protists

Genome analyses of marine microbial communities have revealed the widespread occurrence of genomic islands (GIs), many of which encode for protein secretion machineries described in the context of bacteria-eukaryote interactions. Yet experimental support for the specific roles of such GIs in aquatic community interactions remains scarce. Here, we test for the contribution of type III secretion systems (T3SS) to the environmental fitness of epidemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Comparisons of V. parahaemolyticus wild types and T3SS-defective mutants demonstrate that the T3SS encoded on genome island VPaI-7 (T3SS-2) promotes survival of V. parahaemolyticus in the interaction with diverse protist taxa. Enhanced persistence was found to be due to T3SS-2 mediated cytotoxicity and facultative parasitism of V. parahaemolyticus on coexisting protists. Growth in the presence of bacterivorous protists and the T3SS-2 genotype showed a strong correlation across environmental and clinical isolates of V. parahaemolyticus. Short-term microcosm experiments provide evidence that protistan hosts facilitate the invasion of T3SS-2 positive V. parahaemolyticus into a coastal plankton community, and that water temperature and productivity further promote enhanced survival of T3SS-2 positive V. parahaemolyticus. This study is the first to describe the fitness advantage of GI-encoded functions in a microbial food web, which may provide a mechanistic explanation for the global spread and the seasonal dynamics of V. parahaemolyticus pathotypes, including the pandemic serotype cluster O3:K6, in aquatic environments

Forschungsinitiative Energiewende im Verkehr, Kurzbericht zur „Roadmap für strombasierte Kraftstoffe“ 03EIV116A-G

Synthetische Kraftstoffe können die Defossilisierung des Verkehrssektors mit vorantreiben. Besonders bei hohen Transportvolumina oder für große Entfernungen sind diese Kraftstoffe eine vielversprechende Option, etwa in der Luft- und Schifffahrt oder zu Teilen im Schwerlastverkehr. Auf Basis von Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien hergestellte Kraftstoffe sollen in Zukunft entscheidend dazu beitragen, die CO2-Bilanz zu verbessern und Klimaneutralität im Verkehrssektor zu erreichen. Die Forschung dockt damit an die Schnittstelle zwischen Energie- und Verkehrssektor an. Im Rahmen der BMWK-Forschungsinitiative Energiewende im Verkehr (EiV) haben von 2018 bis 2023 insgesamt 16 industriegeführte F&E-Projekte die Entwicklung synthetischer Kraftstoffe für den Luft-, See- und Straßenverkehr deutlich vorangebracht. In den Projekten wurde eine Vielzahl verschiedener Kraftstoffe, Herstellverfahren und Anwendungen betrachtet. Dabei war es die Aufgabe der „Begleitforschung Energiewende im Verkehr“ (BEniVer), als einer der 16 EiV-Projektverbünde, die Projektergebnisse der technischen Forschungsvorhaben der Förderinitiative auf Basis eigenständiger wissenschaftlicher Analysen vergleichbar zu machen. Dazu wurden einheitliche Rahmenannahmen und Methodikleitfäden entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse der Forschungsprojekte wurden in einer Gesamtbetrachtung zusammengeführt und dienten als Grundlage für technische, ökonomische und ökologische Bewertungen. Dabei beruhten die technologie-orientierten Bottom-Up-Analysen auf den neuesten Forschungsarbeiten. Diese wurden mit systemorientierten Top-Down-Analysen des Energie- und Verkehrssystems sowie möglichen Transformationspfaden auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralität kombiniert. Weitere Analysen zur Akzeptanz und zur Markteinführung adressieren zudem gesellschaftliche Dimensionen und Auswirkungen der Einführung von strombasierten Kraftstoffen. Auf Basis der ganzheitlichen Analysen wurden Schlussfolgerungen abgeleitet. Als Ergebnis der langjährigen und fachübergreifende Begleitung der EiV-Forschungsvorhaben ist mit der Roadmap für strombasierte Kraftstoffe ein Leitfaden entstanden mit Handlungsoptionen für die Erforschung, Entwicklung, Produktion und Markteinführung dieser Kraftstoffe

Roadmap für strombasierte Kraftstoffe 03EIV116A-G

Synthetische Kraftstoffe können die Defossilisierung des Verkehrssektors mit vorantreiben. Besonders bei hohen Transportvolumina oder für große Entfernungen sind diese Kraftstoffe eine vielversprechende Option, etwa in der Luft- und Schifffahrt oder zu Teilen im Schwerlastverkehr. Auf Basis von Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien hergestellte Kraftstoffe sollen in Zukunft entscheidend dazu beitragen, die CO2-Bilanz zu verbessern und Klimaneutralität im Verkehrssektor zu erreichen. Die Forschung dockt damit an die Schnittstelle zwischen Energie- und Verkehrssektor an. Im Rahmen der BMWK-Forschungsinitiative Energiewende im Verkehr (EiV) haben von 2018 bis 2023 insgesamt 16 industriegeführte F&E-Projekte die Entwicklung synthetischer Kraftstoffe für den Luft-, See- und Straßenverkehr deutlich vorangebracht. In den Projekten wurde eine Vielzahl verschiedener Kraftstoffe, Herstellverfahren und Anwendungen betrachtet. Dabei war es die Aufgabe der „Begleitforschung Energiewende im Verkehr“ (BEniVer), als einer der 16 EiV-Projektverbünde, die Projektergebnisse der technischen Forschungsvorhaben der Förderinitiative auf Basis eigenständiger wissenschaftlicher Analysen vergleichbar zu machen. Dazu wurden einheitliche Rahmenannahmen und Methodikleitfäden entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse der Forschungsprojekte wurden in einer Gesamtbetrachtung zusammengeführt und dienten als Grundlage für technische, ökonomische und ökologische Bewertungen. Dabei beruhten die technologie-orientierten Bottom-Up-Analysen auf den neuesten Forschungsarbeiten. Diese wurden mit systemorientierten Top-Down-Analysen des Energie- und Verkehrssystems sowie möglichen Transformationspfaden auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralität kombiniert. Weitere Analysen zur Akzeptanz und zur Markteinführung adressieren zudem gesellschaftliche Dimensionen und Auswirkungen der Einführung von strombasierten Kraftstoffen. Auf Basis der ganzheitlichen Analysen wurden Schlussfolgerungen abgeleitet. Als Ergebnis der langjährigen und fachübergreifende Begleitung der EiV-Forschungsvorhaben ist mit der Roadmap für strombasierte Kraftstoffe ein Leitfaden entstanden mit Handlungsoptionen für die Erforschung, Entwicklung, Produktion und Markteinführung dieser Kraftstoffe