Impact of safety-related dose reductions or discontinuations on sustained virologic response in HCV-infected patients: Results from the GUARD-C Cohort

BACKGROUND: Despite the introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, peginterferon alfa/ribavirin remains relevant in many resource-constrained settings. The non-randomized GUARD-C cohort investigated baseline predictors of safety-related dose reductions or discontinuations (sr-RD) and their impact on sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients receiving peginterferon alfa/ribavirin in routine practice. METHODS: A total of 3181 HCV-mono-infected treatment-naive patients were assigned to 24 or 48 weeks of peginterferon alfa/ribavirin by their physician. Patients were categorized by time-to-first sr-RD (Week 4/12). Detailed analyses of the impact of sr-RD on SVR24 (HCV RNA <50 IU/mL) were conducted in 951 Caucasian, noncirrhotic genotype (G)1 patients assigned to peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin for 48 weeks. The probability of SVR24 was identified by a baseline scoring system (range: 0-9 points) on which scores of 5 to 9 and <5 represent high and low probability of SVR24, respectively. RESULTS: SVR24 rates were 46.1% (754/1634), 77.1% (279/362), 68.0% (514/756), and 51.3% (203/396), respectively, in G1, 2, 3, and 4 patients. Overall, 16.9% and 21.8% patients experienced 651 sr-RD for peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, respectively. Among Caucasian noncirrhotic G1 patients: female sex, lower body mass index, pre-existing cardiovascular/pulmonary disease, and low hematological indices were prognostic factors of sr-RD; SVR24 was lower in patients with 651 vs. no sr-RD by Week 4 (37.9% vs. 54.4%; P = 0.0046) and Week 12 (41.7% vs. 55.3%; P = 0.0016); sr-RD by Week 4/12 significantly reduced SVR24 in patients with scores <5 but not 655. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, sr-RD to peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin significantly impacts on SVR24 rates in treatment-naive G1 noncirrhotic Caucasian patients. Baseline characteristics can help select patients with a high probability of SVR24 and a low probability of sr-RD with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin

Obesidad y enfermedad arterial coronaria: papel de la inflamación vascular

A obesidade vem se tornando uma epidemia global. Cerca de 1,1 bilhões de adultos e 10% das crianças do mundo são atualmente considerados portadores de sobrepeso ou obesos. Classicamente associada a fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular, como diabete melito e hipertensão arterial sistêmica, a obesidade vem sendo cada vez mais encarada como fator de risco independente para doença arterial coronariana (DAC). A aterosclerose coronariana compreende uma série de respostas inflamatórias em nível celular e molecular, cujas reações se encontram mais exacerbadas em pacientes obesos. Antes considerado mero depósito de gordura, o tecido adiposo é visto hoje em dia como órgão endócrino e parácrino ativo, produtor de diversas citocinas inflamatórias, como as adipocinas. Este artigo visa alertar para o grave problema de saúde pública em que a obesidade se tornou nas últimas décadas e correlacionar o processo inflamatório exacerbado nos indivíduos obesos com a maior incidência de DAC nessa população.Obesity is becoming a global epidemic. Around 1.1 billion adults and 10% of the world's children are currently overweight or considered obese. Generally associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as Diabetes Mellitus and systemic arterial high blood pressure, the obesity has been more and more seen as an independent risk factor for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Coronary arteriosclerosis comprises a series of inflammatory responses at cellular and molecular level, whose reactions are stronger in obese patients. In the past, the adipose tissue was regarded as a mere fat deposition. Now it is seen from a totally different standpoint, as an active endocrine and paracrine organ that produces several inflammatory cytokines, such as the adipokines. This article aims to raise awareness about obesity as an increasingly significant public health issue over the past decades, as well as to relate the intense inflammatory process in obese individuals with an increased tendency for this group of individuals to develop CAD.La obesidad se está tornando una epidemia global. Cerca de 1,1 billones de adultos y el 10% de los niños del mundo están considerados actualmente portadores de sobrepeso u obesos. Clásicamente asociada a factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular, como diabetes melitus e hipertensión arterial sistémica, la obesidad se está considerando cada vez más factor de riesgo independiente para enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC). La aterosclerosis coronaria comprende una serie de respuestas inflamatorias a nivel celular y molecular, cuyas reacciones se encuentran más exacerbadas en pacientes obesos. Antes considerado mero depósito de grasa, el tejido adiposo está visto hoy en día como órgano endócrino y parácrino activo, productor de diversas citocinas inflamatorias, como las adipocinas. Este artículo apunta a alertar sobre el grave problema de salud pública en que se convirtió la obesidad en las últimas décadas y correlacionar el proceso inflamatorio exacerbado en los individuos obesos con la mayor incidencia de EAC en esta población

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified