A Robust Parsing Algorithm For Link Grammars

In this paper we present a robust parsing algorithm based on the link grammar formalism for parsing natural languages. Our algorithm is a natural extension of the original dynamic programming recognition algorithm which recursively counts the number of linkages between two words in the input sentence. The modified algorithm uses the notion of a null link in order to allow a connection between any pair of adjacent words, regardless of their dictionary definitions. The algorithm proceeds by making three dynamic programming passes. In the first pass, the input is parsed using the original algorithm which enforces the constraints on links to ensure grammaticality. In the second pass, the total cost of each substring of words is computed, where cost is determined by the number of null links necessary to parse the substring. The final pass counts the total number of parses with minimal cost. All of the original pruning techniques have natural counterparts in the robust algorithm. When used together with memoization, these techniques enable the algorithm to run efficiently with cubic worst-case complexity. We have implemented these ideas and tested them by parsing the Switchboard corpus of conversational English. This corpus is comprised of approximately three million words of text, corresponding to more than 150 hours of transcribed speech collected from telephone conversations restricted to 70 different topics. Although only a small fraction of the sentences in this corpus are "grammatical" by standard criteria, the robust link grammar parser is able to extract relevant structure for a large portion of the sentences. We present the results of our experiments using this system, including the analyses of selected and random sentences from the corpus.Comment: 17 pages, compressed postscrip

Najstarsze środkowoeuropejskie nagrania dźwiękowe z perspektywy zainteresowań historyka

Daniel Grinberg, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, Instytut Historii. Artykuł dotyczy: 1) Katarzyna Janczewska-Sołomko, Dyskopedia poloników do roku 1918, t. I–III, Biblioteka Narodowa, Warszawa 2002. 2) Tomasz Lerski, Syrena Record. Pierwsza polska wytwórnia fonograficzna. Poland’s first recording company, 1904–1939, Editions Karin, New York–Warsaw [2004], ss. 848+XV. 3) P. N. Grjunberg, Istorija naczała gramzapisii w Rossii + W. N. Janin, Katalog wokalnych zapisiej rossijskogo otdieleinija kompanii „Grammofon”, Izd. Jazyki Sławjanskoj Kultury, Moskwa 2002, ss. 650. 4) Rainer E. Lotz, Axel Weggen, Deutsche National-Dioscographie. Serie 6: Discographie der Judaica-Aufnahmen, Band 1, B. Lotz Verlag, Bonn 2006, ss. 584.523223

Rola świadomości historycznej w kształtowaniu dziejów naszej epoki

5-12951

Derek B. Scott, Sounds of the Metropolis: The 19th Century Popular Music in London, Paris, New York and Vienna, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008, 293 pp.

recenzjaWydział Historyczno-Socjologiczny, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku349-3511334935

Anarquistas de Bialystok, Edicions Anomia/Furia Apatrida, Mayo 2009, Barcelona & Manresa; 1-a Edición, 216 ss.

recenzja929830

Insistir es resistir: Estudiantes, dispositivos pedagógicos y pobreza urbana en las sociedades de gerenciamiento

En este artículo nos centraremos en las particularidades que presentan los dispositivos pedagógicos en contextos de extrema pobreza urbana atendiendo a prácticas de resistencia de estudiantes. Más específicamente, a través de resultados de investigación empírica, se proponen elementos para la comprensión y problematización de las dinámicas que presentan los procesos del habitar la escuela secundaria por parte de los estudiantes. Se sostendrá que esas prácticas de los estudiantes en contextos de pobreza urbana son producciones sociales que ponen en tensión las imágenes de desesperanza que suelen recaer sobre ellos, son prácticas de sujetos que se posicionan con deseos, sueños y expectativas que funcionan como fisuras a las líneas sedimentadas que todo dispositivo supone (Deleuze, 1992). Así, frente a las condiciones de vida de estos jóvenes y de estas escuelas, los estudiantes dicen “acá estoy, quiero entrar, préstenme atención”; en suma, producen acontecimientos que no sólo refutan los supuestos de nihilismo, sino también hienden políticamente discursos y tecnologías de poder. En este artículo se pondrá en discusión cómo los sujetos frente a lo que una época muestra como intolerable –los contextos de pobreza urbana–, producen prácticas en donde hay esperanza de vida, defensa de sus derechos y discusión de lo establecido, que involucran, también, la creación de estrategias de supervivencia desde y en los dispositivos pedagógicos.In this article we focus on the particularities presented by educational devices in contexts of extreme urban poverty attending student practices of resistance. More specifically, through empirical research results we propose elements for understanding and questioning of the particularities of inhabiting school by students. It is a question, then, of trying to grasp these practices by heeding how they are assembled in current pedagogical apparatuses. Practices of resistance, in this case on the part of students in contexts of urban poverty, are social productions that strain the notion of abject fear and the images of desperation often attributed to those students. They position themselves as subjects with desires, dreams and hopes that, we propose, act as fissures in the lines of sedimentation that any apparatuses entails (Deleuze, 1992). Thus, before living conditions of these young people and schools, the students say “I am here, I want in, listen to me.” That is, through humor and irony, they produce incidents that not only refute the idea that students don’t care about a thing but also politically fracture discourses and technologies of power. Here we will discuss how students produce practices where there is hope for life, defense of rights and debate over the status quo. This, in turn, involves the creation of strategies for survival and persistence from and in pedagogical apparatuses.Fil: Grinberg, Silvia Mariela. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios en Pedagogías Contemporáneas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; ArgentinaFil: Langer, Eduardo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Escuela de Humanidades. Centro de Estudios en Pedagogías Contemporáneas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

SR proteins and the nonsense-mediated decay mechanism are involved in human GLB1 gene alternative splicing

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The human <it>GLB1 </it>gene is known to give rise to two alternatively spliced mRNAs, which encode two different proteins: lysosomal β-galactosidase (β-gal) and elastin-binding protein (EBP). The β-gal transcript includes the 16 exons of the <it>GLB1 </it>gene. In the EBP transcript, exons 3, 4 and 6 are skipped, while exon 5 has a different reading frame. However, little is known on how this alternative splicing is regulated.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Cycloheximide treatment of HeLa cells and human fibroblasts revealed the presence of new transcripts that are otherwise degraded by nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). A minigene carrying the exons involved in the alternative splicing of <it>GLB1 </it>was constructed. Improving the acceptor-site scores of exons 3 or 4 increased the relative inclusion of these exons, but did not stop them being skipped in some transcripts. Overexpression of different SR proteins altered the relative proportion of the different transcripts produced by the minigene, indicating a possible mechanism for the regulation of the alternative splicing of <it>GLB1</it>. Finally, a comparison of this gene among different species was performed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In the processing of the <it>GLB1 </it>RNA several transcripts are generated, but only those with a correct reading frame are not degraded. The differential inclusion/exclusion of exons could be partially explained by the relatively weak splice sites in the exons involved. Different SR proteins have an effect on the process of skipping of these exons, at least in the minigene conditions, indicating a possible mechanism for the regulation of the alternative splicing of the <it>GLB1 </it>gene.</p

“How Could You Forget That?”: Representing Collective and Traumatic Memories in Winter Soldier

This article examines the 1972 Vietnam War documentary Winter Soldier (The Winterfilm Collective), the only remaining public audiovisual record of the momentous 1971 Winter Soldier investigation, through the lens of memory. It considers textual appearances of repressed and traumatic memories and how they stand in for larger national and institutional repressions. It also theorizes how the film and the event it documents constitute forms of collective memories. Finally, the article looks at the film’s troubled reception and commercial suppression in 1972 and finally, its return to public consciousness in 2005 as a metric of national traumatization and recovery

Whole‐genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture

The extent to which low‐frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) between 1-5%) and rare (MAF ≤ 1%) variants contribute to complex traits and disease in the general population is mainly unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) is highly heritable, a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, and has been previously associated with common genetic variants1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, as well as rare, population‐specific, coding variants9. Here we identify novel non‐coding genetic variants with large effects on BMD (ntotal = 53,236) and fracture (ntotal = 508,253) in individuals of European ancestry from the general population. Associations for BMD were derived from whole‐genome sequencing (n = 2,882 from UK10K (ref. 10); a population‐based genome sequencing consortium), whole‐exome sequencing (n = 3,549), deep imputation of genotyped samples using a combined UK10K/1000 Genomes reference panel (n = 26,534), and de novo replication genotyping (n = 20,271). We identified a low‐frequency non‐coding variant near a novel locus, EN1, with an effect size fourfold larger than the mean of previously reported common variants for lumbar spine BMD8 (rs11692564(T), MAF = 1.6%, replication effect size = +0.20 s.d., Pmeta = 2 × 10−14), which was also associated with a decreased risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.85; P = 2 × 10−11; ncases = 98,742 and ncontrols = 409,511). Using an En1cre/flox mouse model, we observed that conditional loss of En1 results in low bone mass, probably as a consequence of high bone turnover. We also identified a novel low‐frequency non‐coding variant with large effects on BMD near WNT16 (rs148771817(T), MAF = 1.2%, replication effect size = +0.41 s.d., Pmeta = 1 × 10−11). In general, there was an excess of association signals arising from deleterious coding and conserved non‐coding variants. These findings provide evidence that low‐frequency non‐coding variants have large effects on BMD and fracture, thereby providing rationale for whole‐genome sequencing and improved imputation reference panels to study the genetic architecture of complex traits and disease in the general population