Méthodes contraceptives chez les jeunes filles élèves et grossesses en milieu scolaire dans un établissement secondaire à abidjan

Pregnancy is a physiological state that requires everyone's attention. However, it becomes problematic when it occurs in young female students. We initiated this study, the general objective of which was to identify contraceptive methods and their impact on the occurrence of pregnancies in young girls in the school environment. The goal is to reduce school pregnancies as much as possible. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. This allowed us to interview young girls from the Lycée Moderne de Cocody Angré (LMCA) whose age was between 10 and 17 years old using an anonymous questionnaire. Our study took place from December 1 to 15, 2020. The selection criteria made it possible to retain 200 young girls. Sixty-four percent (64%) of girls have had no sexual intercourse. Contraception was used very little because 92% of girls did not use it. The most cited methods were pills, condoms, and morning after pills with 41%, 57% and 25% respectively. 67% of young girls had not accepted contraception and 75% of them had not received any training in the matter. Most girls (73%) dropped out of school due to pregnancy. Girls (80%) answered that it was impossible to go to school and care for a baby. The pregnancies of young female students contribute to their failure and school dropouts. The fight must be intensified to overcome this scourge.La grossesse est un état physiologique qui requiert l’attention de tous. Cependant, elle devient problématique quand elle survient chez les jeunes filles élèves. Nous avons initié cette étude dont l’objectif général était d’identifier les méthodes contraceptives et leur impact sur la survenue des grossesses chez les jeunes filles en milieu scolaire. Le but est de réduire au mieux les grossesses en milieu scolaire. Une étude transversale descriptive a été réalisée.  Celle-ci nous a permis d’interroger des jeunes filles du Lycée Moderne de Cocody Angré (LMCA) dont l’âge était compris entre 10 et 17 ans à l’aide d’un questionnaire anonyme. Notre étude s’est déroulée du 1er au 15 Décembre 2020. Les critères de sélection ont permis de retenir 200 jeunes filles. Soixante-quatre pour cent  (64%) de filles n’ont eu aucun rapport sexuel. La contraception a été très peu utilisée car 92% des filles ne l’utilisaient pas. Les méthodes les plus citées étaient : les pilules, les préservatifs, les pilules du lendemain avec respectivement 41%, 57% et 25%. Les jeunes filles n’avaient pas accepté les contraceptions à 67% et 75% d’entre elles n’ont pas reçu de formation en la matière. La majorité des jeunes filles  (73%) a abandonné sa scolarité pour cause de grossesse. Des filles (80%) ont répondu qu’il n’était pas possible de partir à l’école et de s’occuper d’un bébé. Les grossesses des jeunes filles élèves participent à l’échec et aux décrochages scolaires de celles-ci. La lutte doit être intensifiée afin de venir à bout de ce fléau

Méthodes contraceptives chez les jeunes filles élèves et grossesses en milieu scolaire dans un établissement secondaire à abidjan

Pregnancy is a physiological state that requires everyone's attention. However, it becomes problematic when it occurs in young female students. We initiated this study, the general objective of which was to identify contraceptive methods and their impact on the occurrence of pregnancies in young girls in the school environment. The goal is to reduce school pregnancies as much as possible. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. This allowed us to interview young girls from the Lycée Moderne de Cocody Angré (LMCA) whose age was between 10 and 17 years old using an anonymous questionnaire. Our study took place from December 1 to 15, 2020. The selection criteria made it possible to retain 200 young girls. Sixty-four percent (64%) of girls have had no sexual intercourse. Contraception was used very little because 92% of girls did not use it. The most cited methods were pills, condoms, and morning after pills with 41%, 57% and 25% respectively. 67% of young girls had not accepted contraception and 75% of them had not received any training in the matter. Most girls (73%) dropped out of school due to pregnancy. Girls (80%) answered that it was impossible to go to school and care for a baby. The pregnancies of young female students contribute to their failure and school dropouts. The fight must be intensified to overcome this scourge.La grossesse est un état physiologique qui requiert l’attention de tous. Cependant, elle devient problématique quand elle survient chez les jeunes filles élèves. Nous avons initié cette étude dont l’objectif général était d’identifier les méthodes contraceptives et leur impact sur la survenue des grossesses chez les jeunes filles en milieu scolaire. Le but est de réduire au mieux les grossesses en milieu scolaire. Une étude transversale descriptive a été réalisée.  Celle-ci nous a permis d’interroger des jeunes filles du Lycée Moderne de Cocody Angré (LMCA) dont l’âge était compris entre 10 et 17 ans à l’aide d’un questionnaire anonyme. Notre étude s’est déroulée du 1er au 15 Décembre 2020. Les critères de sélection ont permis de retenir 200 jeunes filles. Soixante-quatre pour cent  (64%) de filles n’ont eu aucun rapport sexuel. La contraception a été très peu utilisée car 92% des filles ne l’utilisaient pas. Les méthodes les plus citées étaient : les pilules, les préservatifs, les pilules du lendemain avec respectivement 41%, 57% et 25%. Les jeunes filles n’avaient pas accepté les contraceptions à 67% et 75% d’entre elles n’ont pas reçu de formation en la matière. La majorité des jeunes filles  (73%) a abandonné sa scolarité pour cause de grossesse. Des filles (80%) ont répondu qu’il n’était pas possible de partir à l’école et de s’occuper d’un bébé. Les grossesses des jeunes filles élèves participent à l’échec et aux décrochages scolaires de celles-ci. La lutte doit être intensifiée afin de venir à bout de ce fléau

Indigenous Peoples and local communities report ongoing and widespread climate change impacts on local social-ecological systems

The effects of climate change depend on specific local circumstances, posing a challenge for worldwide research to comprehensively encompass the diverse impacts on various local social-ecological systems. Here we use a place-specific but cross-culturally comparable protocol to document climate change indicators and impacts as locally experienced and analyze their distribution. We collected first-hand data in 48 sites inhabited by Indigenous Peoples and local communities and covering all climate zones and nature-dependent livelihoods. We documented 1,661 site-agreed reports of change corresponding to 369 indicators. Reports of change vary according to climate zone and livelihood activity. We provide compelling evidence that climate change impacts on Indigenous Peoples and local communities are ongoing, tangible, widespread, and affect multiple elements of their social-ecological systems. Beyond potentially informing contextualized adaptation plans, our results show that local reports could help identify economic and non-economic loss and damage related to climate change impacts suffered by Indigenous Peoples and local communities

ART Regimen and Other Sociodemographics Do Not Affect Cytokine Expression in HIV Patients in Ghana

Background. HIV infection is marked by the production of cytokines by infected cells and cells of the immune system. Variations in the levels of cytokine in HIV-infected individuals significantly impact the role of the immune system with the possibility to affect the course of HIV disease by either exacerbating or suppressing HIV replication. Aim. The study sought to investigate the effect of sociodemographic indices, clinical laboratory parameters, and ART regimen on Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in HIV patients. Materials and methods. A total of two hundred (200) HIV patients on either the first or second line of ART were recruited into the study. Sociodemographic indices were collected using researcher-administered questionnaires. Serum concentrations of two major immune-promoting cytokines, IL-12 and IFN-γ, and immune-suppressive cytokines, IL-10 and IL-17, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). T-test and chi-square were used to compare mean scores, while correlation (Pearson’s correlation) and linear regression analyses were also performed with the statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results. The mean age of the participants was (45.54 ± 0.7846) years with a greater proportion (84.5%) between 31 and 60 years. The mean interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin- (IL-) 10, interleukin-12, and interleukin-17 were estimated to be 349.9 ± 8.391 pg/ml, 19.32 ± 0.4593 pg/ml, 19.23 ± 0.3960 pg/ml, and 24.6 ± 0.6207 pg/ml, respectively. Although INF-γ and IL-17 levels were relatively higher in males compared to females, it was vice versa for IL-10 and IL-12. However, none of these was statistically significant. Again, no significant difference was observed among all the cytokines stratified by the duration of ART, stage of HIV, and smoking status. Most importantly, stratification by either first- or second-line ART regimens recorded no significant difference in cytokine levels. Age significantly correlated inversely with IFN-γ (r = −0.27, p≤0.001), IL-10 (r = −0.24, p≤0.001), and IL-12 (r = −0.18, p=0.01) while duration on ART significantly correlated inversely with IFN-γ (r = −0.16, p=0.02). CD4 counts at 6 months and 12 months on ART correlated inversely with IL-17 (r = −0.17, p=0.02) and plasma viral load at 1 year (r = −0.22, p≤0.001), respectively. A positive correlation was observed between IFN-γ and IL-12 (r = −0.84, p≤0.001) and IL-17 (r = −0.50, p≤0.001). This positive trend was repeated between IL-10 and IL-12 (r = −0.92, p≤0.001) and IL-17 (r = −0.61, p≤0.001). Conclusion. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-10 are not significantly affected by sociodemographics and ART regimen. This observation shows that no significant difference was observed in cytokine levels stratified by ART regiments. This means that both regimens are effective in the suppression of disease progression

Based on ISSP 2018: A Cross-national and Comparative Study of Religion of Additional 14 Countries

Attitudes towards religion and religious practice Topics: Assessment of personal happiness; satisfaction with relationships with family members; attitudes towards extramarital sex; attitudes towards homosexual relationships between adults; attitudes towards abortion if family has very low income; gender roles in marriage; institutional trust (parliament, business and industry, churches and religious organisations, courts and legal system, schools and educational system); attitudes towards the influence of religious leaders on voters; attitudes towards science and religion (too much trust in science and too little religious faith, more conflicts through religions than peace, intolerance of people with strong religious convictions); assessment of the power of churches and religious organisations in the country; acceptance of a person from different religion as spouse of a relative (social distance); attitudes towards freedom of expression for religious extremists in public meetings, on the Internet and in social media; doubt or firm belief in God (scale deism); past or present belief in God; belief in life after death, heaven, hell, religious miracles and supernatural powers of deceased ancestors; attitude towards a higher truth and the meaning of life (God concerns himself with human beings, people can do little to change life (fatalism), life is meaningful because God exists, life does not serve any purpose, own actions give meaning to life, own way in connecting with God without church or worship services); Opinion on gender equality in one´s own religion; religion of mother and father in the respondent´s childhood; religion the respondent raised in; frequency of church attendance by father and mother in the respondent´s childhood; personal frequency of church attendance at the age of 11-12; frequency of prayers; frequency of participation in church activities (apart from attending church services); read or listened to religious scriptures outside of church services in the last 12 months (e.g. Bible, Koran, Torah or other religious scriptures); shrine, altar or religious object (e.g. cross) in the respondent´s home; frequency of visiting a holy place (shrine, temple, church or mosque) for religious reasons; self-assessment of religiousness and spirituality; religion helps people to make friends and to gain comfort in difficult times; religions are a barrier to equality between women and men; opinion on the separation of state and religion (government should not interfere with attempts of religion to spread); opinion on the peaceful coexistence of people belonging to different religions; religion represents the past and not the future; religion is as relevant to life today as in the past; personal attitude towards different religious groups (Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, atheists or non-believers); self-assessment of health status. Optional items (not in all countries): born-again experience; feelings about the Bible; new commitment to religion after a turning point; belief in lucky charms, fortune tellers, faith healers and horoscopes; decision criteria for personal actions (laws or religious principles); perceived threat of people belonging to different groups (Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, non-believers); people can be trusted vs. can´t be too careful in dealing with people; belief in reincarnation and Nirvana; country’s laws should not be based on religion. Demography: sex; age; year of birth; years of full-time schooling; country specific highest completed degree of education; highest completed degree of education (derived from country specific degree) ; current or former employment status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; supervision of other employees; number of other employees supervised; type of organisation: for-profit vs. non-profit and public vs. private; occupation (ISCO/ILO-08); main status; living in steady partnership; trade union membership; religious affiliation or denomination (country specific); groups of religious denomination (derived from country specific religion); attendance of religious services; top-bottom self-placement; vote participation in last general election; country specific party voted for in last general election; left-right scheme of party voted for in last general election (derived from country-specific parties); ethnic group 1 and 2 (country specific); household size; household composition: number of adults in the household; number of children above school entry age in the household; number of children below school age in the household; personal income (country specific); household income (country specific); legal partnership status; father´s and mother´s country of birth (migration background); place of living: urban – rural; region (country specific). Information about spouse/ partner on: current or former employment status; hours worked weekly; employment relationship; supervision of other employees; occupation (ISCO/ILO-08); main employment status. Additionally coded was: for some countries occupation verbatim (respondent and spouse/ partner); respondent-ID; case substitution flag; interview date (year, month, day); weight; mode of data-collection; country (ISO 3166, Country/ Sample ISO 3166, Country/ Sample Prefix ISO 3166).Einstellungen zu Religion und religiöser Praxis Themen: Einschätzung des persönlichen Glücksgefühls; Zufriedenheit mit den Beziehungen zu Familienmitgliedern; Einstellung zu außerehelichem Geschlechtsverkehr; Einstellung zu homosexuellen Beziehungen zwischen Erwachsenen; Einstellung zur Abtreibung bei geringem Familieneinkommen; Geschlechterrollenverständnis in der Ehe; Institutionenvertrauen (Parlament, Unternehmen und Industrie, Kirche und religiöse Organisationen, Gerichte und Rechtssystem, Schulen und Bildungssystem); Einstellung zum Einfluss religiöser Führer auf Wähler; Einstellung zu Wissenschaft und Religion (zu viel Vertrauen in die Wissenschaft und zu wenig religiöser Glaube, mehr Konflikte durch Religionen als Frieden, Intoleranz von Menschen mit starken religiösen Überzeugungen); Beurteilung der Macht von Kirchen und religiösen Organisationen im Land; Akzeptanz einer Person anderen Glaubens oder mit sehr unterschiedlicher religiösen Ansichten als Ehepartner eines Verwandten (soziale Distanz); Einstellung zur Meinungsfreiheit für religiöse Extremisten bei öffentlichen Versammlungen, im Internet und in sozialen Medien; Zweifel oder fester Glaube an Gott (Skala Deismus); früherer oder derzeitiger Gottesglaube; Glaube an ein Leben nach dem Tod, Himmel, Hölle, religiöse Wunder und übernatürliche Kräfte verstorbener Vorfahren; Einstellung zu einer höheren Wahrheit und zum Sinn des Lebens (Gott kümmert sich um jeden Menschen persönlich, nur wenig persönlicher Einfluss auf das Leben möglich (Fatalismus), Leben hat nur einen Sinn aufgrund der Existenz Gottes, Leben dient keinem Zweck, eigenes Tun verleiht dem Leben Sinn, persönliche Verbindung mit Gott ohne Kirche oder Gottesdienste); Meinung zur Geschlechtergleichstellung in der eigenen Religion; Religion von Mutter und Vater in der Kindheit des Befragten; Religion, mit der der Befragte aufgewachsen ist; Kirchgangshäufigkeit des Vaters und der Mutter in der Kindheit des Befragten; persönliche Kirchgangshäufigkeit im Alter von 11 bis 12 Jahren; Häufigkeit von Gebeten; Häufigkeit der Teilnahme an kirchlichen Aktivitäten (abgesehen vom Besuch von Gottesdiensten); in den letzten 12 Monaten außerhalb des Gottesdienstes religiöse Schriften gelesen oder gehört (z.B. Bibel, Koran, Thora oder andere religiöse Schriften); Schrein, Altar oder religiöses Objekt (z.B. Kreuz) im Haushalt des Befragten; Häufigkeit des Besuchs eines heiligen Ortes (Schrein, Tempel, Kirche oder Moschee) aus religiösen Gründen; Selbsteinschätzung der Religiosität und Spiritualität; Vorteilhaftigkeit der Ausübung einer Religion um Freundschaften zu schließen und als Unterstützung in schwierigen Zeiten; Religionen als Hindernis für die Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern; Meinung zur Trennung von Staat und Religion; Meinung zur friedlichen Koexistenz von Menschen unterschiedlicher Religionen; Religion steht für die Vergangenheit und nicht für die Zukunft; Religion ist für das Leben heute genauso relevant wie in der Vergangenheit; Einstellung gegenüber verschiedenen religiösen Gruppen (Christen, Muslime, Hindus, Buddhisten, Juden, Atheisten oder Nicht-Gläubige); Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustands. Optionale Items (nicht in allen Ländern durchgeführt): wiedergeborene Christen; Einstellung zur Bibel; Bekehrung zum Glauben nach einem Schlüsselerlebnis; Glaube an Glücksbringer, Wahrsager, Gesundbeter und Horoskope; Entscheidungskriterien für persönliches Handeln (Gesetze oder religiöse Prinzipien); wahrgenommene Bedrohung durch Angehörige verschiedener Gruppen (Christen, Muslime, Hindus, Buddhisten, Juden, Nicht-Gläubige); Personenvertrauen vs. Vorsicht im Umgang mit Menschen; die Gesetze eines Landes sollten nicht auf einer Religion basieren; Glaube an Reinkarnation und Nirvana. Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter (Geburtsjahr); Jahre der Schulbildung; Bildung (länderspezifisch); höchster Bildungsabschluss (abgeleitet vom länderspezifischen Bildungsgrad); derzeitiger oder früherer Erwerbsstatus; Wochenarbeitszeit; Arbeitsverhältnis; Vorgesetztenfunktion; Anzahl der Mitarbeiter, für die Weisungsbefugnis besteht; Art des Unternehmens: Gewinn vs. Gemeinnützigkeit bzw. öffentlich vs. privat; Beruf (ISCO/ ILO 2008); Hauptbeschäftigungsstatus; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Religionszugehörigkeit oder Konfession (länderspezifisch); Konfessionsgruppen (abgeleitet von der länderspezifischen Religion); Kirchgangshäufigkeit; subjektive Schichteinstufung (Selbsteinstufung auf einer Oben-Unten-Skala); Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten allgemeinen Wahl und gewählte länderspezifische Partei; Einstufung der gewählten Partei auf einem Links-Rechts-Schema; ethnische Gruppenzugehörigkeit (länderspezifisch); Haushaltsgröße; Haushaltszusammensetzung: Anzahl der Erwachsenen im Haushalt; Anzahl der Kinder im Haushalt, die das Schuleintrittsalter überschritten haben; Anzahl der Kinder im Haushalt, die das Schulalter noch nicht erreicht haben; persönliches Einkommen des Befragten (länderspezifisch); Haushaltseinkommen (länderspezifisch); Familienstand; Geburtsland von Vater und Mutter (Migrationshintergrund); Urbanisierungsgrad des Wohnortes; Region (länderspezifisch). Informationen über den Ehegatten/ Partner zu folgenden Themen: derzeitiger oder früherer Erwerbsstatus, Wochenarbeitszeit, Arbeitsverhältnis, Vorgesetztenfunktion, Beruf (ISCO/ ILO 2008); Hauptbeschäftigungsstatus. Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: für einige Länder wörtliche Berufsnennungen (Befragter und Ehegatte/ Partner); Befragten-ID; Kennzeichnungsvariable für die Ersetzung von Fällen; Interviewdatum (Jahr, Monat, Tag); Gewicht; Erhebungsverfahren; Land der Datenerhebung (Ländercode ISO 3166, Ländercode/Sample ISO 3166; Ländercode Präfix ISO 3166)

Research advancements for impact chain based climate risk and vulnerability assessments

International audienceAs the climate crisis continues to worsen, there is an increasing demand for scientific evidence from Climate Risk and Vulnerability Assessments (CRVA). We present 12 methodological advancements to the Impact Chain-based CRVA (IC-based CRVA) framework, which combines participatory and data-driven approaches to identify and measure climate risks in complex socio-ecological systems. The advancements improve the framework along five axes, including the existing workflow, stakeholder engagement, uncertainty management, socio-economic scenario modeling, and transboundary climate risk examination. Eleven case studies were conducted and evaluated to produce these advancements. Our paper addresses two key research questions: (a) How can the IC-based CRVA framework be methodologically advanced to produce more accurate and insightful results? and (b) How effectively can the framework be applied in research and policy domains that it was not initially designed for? We propose methodological advancements to capture dynamics between risk factors, to resolve contradictory worldviews, and to maintain consistency between Impact Chains across policy scales. We suggest using scenario-planning techniques and integrating uncertainties via Probability Density Functions and Reverse Geometric Aggregation. Our research examines the applicability of IC-based CRVAs to address transboundary climate risks and integrating macro-economic models to reflect possible future socio-economic exposure. Our findings demonstrate that the modular structure of IC-based CRVA allows for the integration of various methodological advancements, and further advancements are possible to better assess complex climate risks and improve adaptation decision-making