538 research outputs found

    DEBARDIEUX, Éric, La violence dans la classe

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    Apprendre Ă  dialoguer avec des Ă©lĂšves : le cas des dialogues philosophiques

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    International audienceL'article procĂšde Ă  l'Ă©tude de cas d'un dialogue philosophique tenu entre une enseignante et ses Ă©lĂšves de cours moyen 2Ăšme annĂ©e. L'Ă©tude des propos, conduite en suivant les principes de la logique interlocutoire, rĂ©vĂšle que la construction des thĂšmes et l'organisation cognitive de l'ensemble des propos sont soumises aux rĂšgles classiques d'engendrement des cognitions par la conversation. Le dĂ©ploiement des cognitions, ici Ă  portĂ©e philosophique, dĂ©pendent des savoir-faire, experts contrastĂ©s avec non expert, de l'enseignant pour placer l'Ă©mergence de propos intĂ©ressant sou la dĂ©pendance de conditions prĂ©paratoire. Or l'expertise sert Ă  ce niveau, dĂ©cisivement. Sans cela, les propos des Ă©lĂšves peuvent ĂȘtre mal ou pas exploitĂ©s

    La nécessaire praxis de la pensée et du dialogue critiques en classe

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    Dans ce texte, je m’appuierai sur les thĂšses des philosophes pragmatistes de l’éducation, ainsi que sur des rĂ©sultats de recherche empiriques pour prĂ©senter la notion de pensĂ©e critique et je soulĂšverai des questionnements issus de la littĂ©rature scientifique : la pensĂ©e critique est-elle un produit ou un processus ? Son dĂ©veloppement suppose-t-il des apprentissages rĂ©versibles ou non ? Quels sont les obstacles au dĂ©veloppement d’une telle pensĂ©e ? Etc. Finalement, je prĂ©senterai des distinctions entre des Ă©lĂ©ments associĂ©s aux compĂ©tences discursives, notamment la narration, la conversation, la discussion, le dialogue simple et critique.In this paper, I will first present the pragmatist conception of “responsible education”; which has its foundations in the interrelation between experience, communication and critical reflection. Then, I will question critical thinking as it is manifested by pupils: Is it a product or a process? Does its development presuppose irreversible stages? What are the obstacles to its mobilization? Finally, I will present distinctions between elements associated with discursive competencies, namely: narration, conversation, discussion, non-critical dialogue and critical dialogue

    Philosophical Reflection and Cooperative Practices in an Elementary School Mathematics Classroom

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    Following Matthew Lipman (Lipman, 1991; Lipman, Sharp, & Oscanyan, 1980), we introduced philosophical dialogue (PD) about mathematics in an elementary school to help pupils consider mathematical and meta-mathematical matters. This article describes the social and cognitive activity when pupils engage in PD and some pedagogical conditions necessary to foster the development of PD. Changes in pupils’ discussions from the begin- ning to the end of the test period showed that the dynamic evolved from monological exchanges to dialogical exchanges. Whereas early pupil responses could be characterized mainly as simple answers, later responses displayed more lower-order and even higher- order thinking skills. The data suggest that for PD about mathematics to develop, the teacher must be proficient in the role of mediator. À la suite de Matthew Lipman (Lipman, 1991; Lipman, Sharp et Oscanyan, 1980), les auteurs ont introduit le dialogue philosophique (DP) dans une Ă©cole primaire afin d’aider les Ă©lĂšves Ă  rĂ©flĂ©chir aux questions d’ordre mathĂ©matique et mĂ©ta-mathĂ©matique. Cet article dĂ©crit l’activitĂ© sociale et cognitive Ă  laquelle donne lieu le DP ainsi que certaines des conditions pĂ©dagogiques qui doivent ĂȘtre rĂ©unies pour favoriser le dĂ©veloppement du DP. L’analyse des discussions des Ă©lĂšves du dĂ©but Ă  la fin de la pĂ©riode d’essai a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une Ă©volution de la dynamique, des Ă©changes monologiques aux Ă©changes dialogiques. Si en premier les Ă©lĂšves donnent de simples rĂ©ponses, par la suite ils dĂ©montrent des capa- citĂ©s de raisonnement Ă©lĂ©mentaires et mĂȘme de plus haut niveau. Ces donnĂ©es semblent indiquer que pour que le DP au sujet de la mathĂ©matique se dĂ©veloppe, l’enseignant doit devenir un mĂ©diateur efficace.

    Philosophical Reflection and Cooperative Practices in an Elementary School Mathematics Classroom

    Get PDF
    Following Matthew Lipman (Lipman, 1991; Lipman, Sharp, & Oscanyan, 1980), we introduced philosophical dialogue (PD) about mathematics in an elementary school to help pupils consider mathematical and meta-mathematical matters. This article describes the social and cognitive activity when pupils engage in PD and some pedagogical conditions necessary to foster the development of PD. Changes in pupils’ discussions from the begin- ning to the end of the test period showed that the dynamic evolved from monological exchanges to dialogical exchanges. Whereas early pupil responses could be characterized mainly as simple answers, later responses displayed more lower-order and even higher- order thinking skills. The data suggest that for PD about mathematics to develop, the teacher must be proficient in the role of mediator. À la suite de Matthew Lipman (Lipman, 1991; Lipman, Sharp et Oscanyan, 1980), les auteurs ont introduit le dialogue philosophique (DP) dans une Ă©cole primaire afin d’aider les Ă©lĂšves Ă  rĂ©flĂ©chir aux questions d’ordre mathĂ©matique et mĂ©ta-mathĂ©matique. Cet article dĂ©crit l’activitĂ© sociale et cognitive Ă  laquelle donne lieu le DP ainsi que certaines des conditions pĂ©dagogiques qui doivent ĂȘtre rĂ©unies pour favoriser le dĂ©veloppement du DP. L’analyse des discussions des Ă©lĂšves du dĂ©but Ă  la fin de la pĂ©riode d’essai a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une Ă©volution de la dynamique, des Ă©changes monologiques aux Ă©changes dialogiques. Si en premier les Ă©lĂšves donnent de simples rĂ©ponses, par la suite ils dĂ©montrent des capa- citĂ©s de raisonnement Ă©lĂ©mentaires et mĂȘme de plus haut niveau. Ces donnĂ©es semblent indiquer que pour que le DP au sujet de la mathĂ©matique se dĂ©veloppe, l’enseignant doit devenir un mĂ©diateur efficace.

    Children and youth perceive smoking messages in an unbranded advertisement from a NIKE marketing campaign: a cluster randomised controlled trial

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>How youth perceive marketing messages in sports is poorly understood. We evaluated whether youth perceive that the imagery of a specific sports marketing advertisement contained smoking-related messages.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Twenty grade 7 to 11 classes (397 students) from two high schools in Montréal, Canada were recruited to participate in a cluster randomised single-blind controlled trial. Classes were randomly allocated to either a NIKE advertisement containing the phrase 'LIGHT IT UP' (n = 205) or to a neutral advertisement with smoking imagery reduced and the phrase replaced by 'GO FOR IT' (n = 192). The NIKE logo was removed from both advertisements. Students responded in class to a questionnaire asking open-ended questions about their perception of the messages in the ad. Reports relating to the appearance and text of the ad, and the product being promoted were evaluated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Relative to the neutral ad, more students reported that the phrase 'LIGHT IT UP' was smoking-related (37.6% vs. 0.5%) and that other parts of the ad resembled smoking-related products (50.7% vs. 10.4%). The relative risk of students reporting that the NIKE ad promoted cigarettes was 4.41 (95% confidence interval: 2.64-7.36; P < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The unbranded imagery of an advertisement in a specific campaign aimed at promoting NIKE hockey products appears to have contained smoking-related messages. This particular marketing campaign may have promoted smoking. This suggests that the regulation of marketing to youth may need to be more tightly controlled.</p

    La reprĂ©sentation sociale que les adolescents se font des aĂźnĂ©s peut-elle influencer le dĂ©veloppement de la pensĂ©e critique dialogique ? Étude d’une « scĂšne » racontĂ©e par des adolescents marocains

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    Cet article se base sur des rĂ©sultats d’enquĂȘte rĂ©cents montrant que, chez des adolescents marocains ĂągĂ©s de dix Ă  dix-huit ans, les manifestations de pensĂ©e critique dialogique se situent majoritairement dans une « perspective Ă©pistĂ©mologique » appelĂ©e « relativisme » par un modĂšle dĂ©veloppemental Ă©laborĂ© dans les quinze derniĂšres annĂ©es avec la mĂ©thode de la thĂ©orie ancrĂ©e. Pour comprendre ces rĂ©sultats de recherche, qui contrastent avec ceux obtenus auprĂšs d’adolescents quĂ©bĂ©cois et français appartenant aux mĂȘmes groupes d’ñge, nous dĂ©crivons, dans un premier temps, le modĂšle dĂ©veloppemental dans lequel ils prennent sens. Nous illustrons ensuite les manifestations de « perspective Ă©pistĂ©mologique relativiste » chez les adolescents marocains Ă  l’aide d’extraits de verbatim. Les Ă©lĂšves ont tendance Ă  se dĂ©centrer de leur vĂ©cu personnel, Ă  se reprĂ©senter le point de vue d’autrui en gĂ©nĂ©ral et Ă  co-construire des points de vue convergents avec les pairs. Dans un deuxiĂšme temps, prenant appui sur une approche de la reprĂ©sentation sociale en tant que « scĂšne », et sur la littĂ©rature touchant aux rĂŽles des aĂźnĂ©s dans les sociĂ©tĂ©s africaines, nous Ă©clairons ces rĂ©sultats de recherche par l’analyse d’une reprĂ©sentation sociale frĂ©quemment mobilisĂ©e par les jeunes Marocains interviewĂ©s : celle de la hiĂ©rarchie des Ăąges et du devoir d’écoute envers les plus ĂągĂ©s. L’analyse de cette « scĂšne » met en lumiĂšre des attitudes sociales inculquĂ©es aux adolescents en contexte culturel marocain, susceptibles de favoriser le dĂ©veloppement d’une « perspective Ă©pistĂ©mologique relativiste » en matiĂšre de pensĂ©e critique dialogique.This paper is based on the findings of a recent study which revealed that, among Moroccan teenagers aged 10 to 18 years old, manifestations of Dialogical Critical Thinking predominantly take on an “epistemological perspective” labelled “relativism” by a Grounded-Theory-based developmental model formulated over the past fifteen years. In order to understand these results, which contrast with those of teenagers of the same age from Quebec and France, firstly we describe the developmental model used. Then we illustrate the ways Moroccan teenagers manifest the “relativist epistemological perspective” in their speech. Based on verbatim excerpts, the current study demonstrates how Moroccan teenagers display a tendency to distance themselves away from their personal experiences, to focus on others’ points of view and to co-construct convergences with their peers. Using an approach that understands social representation as a “scene” as well as the literature related to old persons in African societies, this paper attempts to explain the results of this study by analyzing a social representation frequently mentioned in the discourse of interviewed Moroccan youths and which revolves around the age hierarchy and the duty to listen to the elderly. The analysis of this “scene” highlights the social attitudes instilled in teenagers living in the Moroccan cultural context and which are likely to foster the development of a relativist epistemological perspective with regard to dialogical critical thinking

    Soil organic matter molecular composition and state of decomposition in three locations of the European Arctic

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    Increased mineralization of the organic matter (OM) stored in permafrost is expected to constitute the largest additional global warming potential from terrestrial ecosystems exposed to a warmer climate. Chemical composition of permafrost OM is thought to be a key factor controlling the sensitivity of decomposition to warming. Our objective was to characterise OM from permafrost soils of the European Arctic: two mineral soils—Adventdalen, Svalbard, Norway and Vorkuta, northwest Russia— and a ‘‘palsa’’ (ice-cored peat mound patterning in heterogeneous permafrost landscapes) soil in Neiden, northern Norway, in terms of molecular composition and state of decomposition. At all sites, the OM stored in the permafrost was at an advanced stage of decomposition, although somewhat less so in the palsa peat. By comparing permafrost and active layers, we found no consistent effect of depth or permafrost on soil organic matter (SOM) chemistry across sites. The permafrost-affected palsa peat displayed better preservation of plant material in the deeper layer, as indicated by increasing contribution of lignin carbon to total carbon with depth, associated to decreasing acid (Ac) to aldehyde (Al) ratio of the syringyl (S) and vanillyl (V) units, and increasing S/V and contribution of plant-derived sugars. By contrast, in Adventdalen, the Ac/Al ratio of lignin and the Alkyl C to O-alkyl C ratio in the NMR spectra increased with depth, which suggests less oxidized SOM in the active layer compared to the permafrost layer. In Vorkuta, SOM characteristics in the permafrost profile did not change substantially with depth, probably due to mixing of soil layers by cryoturbation. The composition and state of decomposition of SOM appeared to be site-specific, in particular bound to the prevailing organic or mineral nature of soil when attempting to predict the SOM proneness to degradation. The occurrence of processes such as palsa formation in organic soils and cryoturbation should be considered when up-scaling and predicting the responses of OM to climate change in arctic soils.acceptedVersio

    Nanoscale relationships between uranium and carbonaceous material in alteration halos around unconformity-related uranium deposits of the Kiggavik camp, Paleoproterozoic Thelon Basin, Nunavut, Canada

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    International audienceConcentrations of 7% U and 1% Cu were identified in massive, brecciated, and amorphous carbonaceous materials (CM) characterized by strongly negative values of carbon stable isotopes (ή13C = − 39.1‰ relative to PDB). The anomalies are restricted to clay alteration halos developed in Neoarchean Woodburn Lake group metagreywacke that is the predominant host of unconformity-related uranium (U) deposits in the Kiggavik exploration camp. Petrographic and microstructural analyses by SEM, X-Ray Diffraction, HR-TEM and RAMAN spectroscopy identified carbon veils, best described as graphene-like carbon, upon which nano-scale uraninite crystals are distributed. CM are common in U systems such as the classic Cretaceous roll-front deposits and the world-class Paleoproterozoic unconformity-related deposits. However, the unusual spatial and textural association of U minerals and CM described herein raises questions on mechanisms that may have been responsible for the precipitation of the CM followed by crystallization of U oxides on its surfaces. Based on the characteristics presented herein, the CMs at Kiggavik are interpreted as hydrothermal in origin. Furthermore, the nanoscale organization and properties of these graphene-like layers that host U oxide crystallites clearly localized U oxide nucleation and growth
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