Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

BACKGROUND: Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease remain at high risk for cardiovascular events despite effective statin-based treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by anacetrapib reduces LDL cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, trials of other CETP inhibitors have shown neutral or adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 30,449 adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive atorvastatin therapy and who had a mean LDL cholesterol level of 61 mg per deciliter (1.58 mmol per liter), a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 92 mg per deciliter (2.38 mmol per liter), and a mean HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.03 mmol per liter). The patients were assigned to receive either 100 mg of anacetrapib once daily (15,225 patients) or matching placebo (15,224 patients). The primary outcome was the first major coronary event, a composite of coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in significantly fewer patients in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (1640 of 15,225 patients [10.8%] vs. 1803 of 15,224 patients [11.8%]; rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.97; P=0.004). The relative difference in risk was similar across multiple prespecified subgroups. At the trial midpoint, the mean level of HDL cholesterol was higher by 43 mg per deciliter (1.12 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (a relative difference of 104%), and the mean level of non-HDL cholesterol was lower by 17 mg per deciliter (0.44 mmol per liter), a relative difference of -18%. There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of death, cancer, or other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive statin therapy, the use of anacetrapib resulted in a lower incidence of major coronary events than the use of placebo. (Funded by Merck and others; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN48678192 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01252953 ; and EudraCT number, 2010-023467-18 .)

Salaire nominal et salaire réel

SUMMARY - How will general autonomous increase in the money wage rate affect prices and tlie real wage level This problem is examined within the formal framework of macro-model iu iwhich the wage rate is considered as an autonomous variable at the disposal of the labour unions or determined by collective bargaining agreements the price level can then by eli mination of all other variables be expressed as function of The elas ticity of this function is one measure of the effect on of change in The classical labour market model determines real wages and employment simultaneously Removing the labour supply equation from this model In order to allow wage rate changes we are left with the labour demand iluatiuu subject to II the macro-production function Illi ff- being free variable For given however this model is still indeterminate since employment cannot be expected priori to be unaffected we have to consider more complete macro-model which talies into account repercussions on via employment In the simple classical macro-model equations VII 579 rise in will increase less than proportionally and decrease provided that the supply of money is kept constant In the Keynesian system eqs VII 582 change in the wage rate will have no effect on employment if is manipulated so as to keep the rate of interest constant we have == i.e. real wages cannot be Influenced by autonomous wage rate changes If instead of is kept constant repercussions via investment will somewhat increase the real wage level Taking the Keynesian equations one by one we nolw consider how the results are affected if the assumptions are modified in various ways In particular it is shown that the presence of imperfect competition and non- labour elements in marginal costs imports excises etc.) have decreasing effect on thus enabling the workers to benefit from wage rate mani pulations This result is now confronted with empirical findings The marginal wage quota for total production in Denmark is estimated to be which may be taken as an approximation of computation within Tinber- decision model for the Dutch economy gives price-wage-elasticity of almost equal to the marginal wage quota estimate for the Netherlands input-output model gives == 63 or 37 according as to whether profit margins change proportionally to the labour cost or not No conclusive results could be obtained from the available time series of wages and price data Finally it is shown in simple dynamic model how the introduction of automatic wage adjustments according to changes in the price level makes it possible for the workers to obtain the full benefit of the money wage increase unless and the system is unstableDanö Sven. Salaire nominal et salaire réel. In: Revue économique, volume 6, n°4, 1955. pp. 577-601

Salaire nominal et salaire réel

[eng] SUMMARY - How will general autonomous increase in the money wage rate affect prices and tlie real wage level This problem is examined within the formal framework of macro-model iu iwhich the wage rate is considered as an autonomous variable at the disposal of the labour unions or determined by collective bargaining agreements the price level can then by eli mination of all other variables be expressed as function of The elas ticity of this function is one measure of the effect on of change in The classical labour market model determines real wages and employment simultaneously Removing the labour supply equation from this model In order to allow wage rate changes we are left with the labour demand iluatiuu subject to II the macro-production function Illi ff- being free variable For given however this model is still indeterminate since employment cannot be expected priori to be unaffected we have to consider more complete macro-model which talies into account repercussions on via employment In the simple classical macro-model equations VII 579 rise in will increase less than proportionally and decrease provided that the supply of money is kept constant In the Keynesian system eqs VII 582 change in the wage rate will have no effect on employment if is manipulated so as to keep the rate of interest constant we have == i.e. real wages cannot be Influenced by autonomous wage rate changes If instead of is kept constant repercussions via investment will somewhat increase the real wage level Taking the Keynesian equations one by one we nolw consider how the results are affected if the assumptions are modified in various ways In particular it is shown that the presence of imperfect competition and non- labour elements in marginal costs imports excises etc.) have decreasing effect on thus enabling the workers to benefit from wage rate mani pulations This result is now confronted with empirical findings The marginal wage quota for total production in Denmark is estimated to be which may be taken as an approximation of computation within Tinber- decision model for the Dutch economy gives price-wage-elasticity of almost equal to the marginal wage quota estimate for the Netherlands input-output model gives == 63 or 37 according as to whether profit margins change proportionally to the labour cost or not No conclusive results could be obtained from the available time series of wages and price data Finally it is shown in simple dynamic model how the introduction of automatic wage adjustments according to changes in the price level makes it possible for the workers to obtain the full benefit of the money wage increase unless and the system is unstable

Uppdatering av baskarta med UAS-fotogrammetri i del av Furuvik

Syftet med studien är att uppdatera Gävle kommuns baskarta för området Furuviks camping. Området har genomgått stora förändringar, bland annat har campingen flyttats på grund av ombyggnation av väg och järnväg. Genom användning av UAS och flygfotografering samt framställning av ortofotomosaik i programvaran PhotoScan samt kontrollmätningar i fält har baskartan uppdaterats. UAS är förkortningen för “unmanned aerial system” eller “obemannat flygsystem”. Idag används UAS-teknik i större utsträckning än tidigare för att ta fram underlag till kartframställning av olika kartprodukter. Användningen av UAS har visat sig vara både effektivt och billigt. Innan flygning kunde genomföras placerades flygsignaler ut med god spridning i terrängen. Flygsignalerna mättes in med Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) nätverks-real time kinematic (N-RTK). Detta gjordes i två omgångar för att undvika tidskorrelation hos satelliterna. När flygfotograferingen var färdig bearbetades bilderna i PhotoScan där blockutjämning samt georeferering genomfördes. Vid bearbetningen i PhotoScan upptäcktes att en del bilder blivit överexponerade pga. skiftande väderlek under dagen för flygningen. Dessa bilder gick därför inte att använda vid georeferering. Därefter användes ortofotomosaiken till kartering av de nytillkomna objekten i baskartan. Detta gjordes i ArcMap med hjälp av Gävle kommuns kartmanér. Slutligen genomfördes en kartkontroll på befintliga objekt samt digitaliserade objekt utifrån ortofotot för att säkerställa kvalitén av den uppdaterade baskartan. Jämförelser av Gävle kommuns objekt (kontrollpunkter 1–5) visade att alla punkter låg inom toleransen på 0,050 m i lägesosäkerhet. Jämförelsen av de objekt som digitaliserats med hjälp av ortofotmosaiken (kontrollpunkter 6–15) visade att två av punkterna marginellt överskred toleransen på 0,050 m.The purpose of the study is to update the Gävle municipality's base map for the Furuvik campsite. The area has undergone major changes, among other things, the campsite has been moved due to road and rail rebuilding. Through the use of UAS and aerial photography as well as the production of orthophotomosaics in the PhotoScan software and control by field measurements the base map has been updated. UAS is the abbreviation for "unmanned aerial system". Today, UAS technology is used to a greater extent than before to provide basis for production of various map products. The use of UAS has proven to be both efficient and inexpensive. Before the flight was carried out, ground control targets were spread out well in the terrain. The ground control targets were measured with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) network real-time kinematic (N-RTK). This was done in two rounds to avoid time correlation with the satellites. When aerial photography was completed the pictures were processed in PhotoScan where block smoothing and georeferencing were performed. During the processing of PhotoScan some images were overexposed due to the fact that changing weather conditions during the day of the flight. These pictures therefore failed to be used for georeferencing. Thereafter the orthophotomosaic was used to mapping the newly added objects in the base map. This was done in ArcMap using the base map of Gävle municipality. Finally a map control was made on existing objects and digitized items from the orthophotomosaic to ensure the quality of the updated base map. Comparisons of Gävle municipality objects (checkpoints 1-5) showed that all points were within the tolerance of 0.050 m in uncertainty. The comparison of the objects digitized by the orthophotomosaic (control points 6-15) showed that two of the points marginally exceeded the tolerance of 0.050 m

Expression of Stromelysin-3 in the Human Placenta and Placental Bed

Human placentation is mediated by fetal trophoblastic cells which penetrate into the decidualized uterine endometrium. Trophoblast invasion requires the precisely regulated secretion of specific proteinases able to degrade the endometrial basement membranes and extracellular matrix. To document further the involvement of these proteinases during human placentation, we evaluated in vivo the expression of stromelysin-3, a member of the metalloproteinase family, during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy, by means of immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis. Human extravillous trophoblasts invading the maternal decidua produced stromelysin-3 during both, the first and third trimesters of pregnancy, but to a lesser extent during the latter. In floating villi, stromelysin-3 expression was restricted to the syncytiotrophoblasts that line intervillous vascular spaces. In conclusion, stromelysin-3 is expressed by differentiated, non-proliferative villous and extravillous trophoblastic cells in early and late placental beds and villi, and its pattern of expression evolves during pregnancy. Our observations suggest that stromelysin-3 could play a role in human placentation