Characterization of metric spaces whose free space is isometric to ℓ1\ell_1

We characterize metric spaces whose Lipschitz free space is isometric to $\ell_1$. In particular, the Lipschitz free space over an ultrametric space is not isometric to $\ell_1(\Gamma)$ for any set $\Gamma$. We give a lower bound for the Banach-Mazur distance in the finite case

Evaluation platform for 5G vehicular communications

Cellular vehicle to everything (C-V2X) communications is presented as the cornerstone for next-generation connected vehicles. C-V2X can support efficient vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure data transmission, and is said to be a key enabler of cooperative connected and automated mobility (CCAM). Performance of 5G New Radio (5G-NR) is expected to address bandwidth and delay requirements of services for autonomous vehicles. This is the theory and what particular research works have showed through simulation or limited prototypes. On the contrary, this work focuses on evaluating real 5G deployments (including 5G-NR) of network operators in CCAM scenarios, with particular emphasis on cross-border settings and service continuity under inter-operator handovers. The paper presents an evaluation platform to gather cross-layer measurements, homogenise results, perform comparative assessment of figures of merit, and calculate network and CCAM key performance indicators (KPIs). The platform is evaluated through implementing a use case for autonomous overtaking, involving two 5G-NR operator deployments at the Spanish-Portuguese border. Results reveal good network performances and correct operation of the service, thanks to 5G-NR and edge servers, although significant impact of handovers is detected on network and overtaking KPIs.This work has been supported by the grants EC 825496 (5G-MOBIX), funded by the European Commission; PID2020-112675RBC41 (ONOFRE-3), funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033; RYC-2017-23823, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ESF Investing in your future”; PGE-MOVES-SING-2019-000104 (MECANO), funded by the Spanish Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge; and RED2018-102585-T (Go2Edge), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities

Percepción sobre Equidad de Género en la Población Femenina de Arequipa – 2017

El presente estudio de investigación lleva por título el enunciado: PERCEPCIÓN SOBRE EQUIDAD DE GÉNERO EN LA POBLACIÓN FEMENINA DE AREQUIPA – 2017 Como objetivo general se planteó el determinar la percepción de equidad de género en el año 2017 en la ciudad de Arequipa; como objetivos específicos se buscó establecer la percepción femenina sobre equidad de género en los ámbitos legal, de educación, trabajo, toma de decisiones y familiar. Para nuestra investigación aplicamos la técnica de la encuesta con su respectivo instrumento que fue el formulario de preguntas. Desarrollado con alternativas, basadas en nuestros indicadores, subindicadores y marco teórico. Nuestra muestra constituye un total de 384 mujeres entre 18 y 60 años, residentes de la ciudad de Arequipa. El nivel de confianza fue del 95%, con un margen de error del 5% y se seleccionaron las participantes de la investigación a través de la muestra aleatoria simple. Después de la redacción del instrumento se validó utilizando una prueba piloto a 30 mujeres dentro del rango de edad establecido. Luego se procedió a aplicar el instrumento de manera anónima a mujeres de toda la ciudad. Después de la aplicación del instrumento, se llevó a cabo la tabulación de los datos obtenidos, información con la cual se elaboraron 21 gráficos y tablas donde se resumen los resultados. Los resultados obtenidos de la investigación arrojaron que la percepción sobre las oportunidades laborales está dividida entre opiniones favorables y negativas; pero en general se considera que la paga y la realidad laboral son muy similares, o idéntica a las de sus colegas hombres. También se puede concluir que a pesar de que las mujeres ya no ven como una obligación exclusiva de ellas el atender los quehaceres de la casa, aún se ven responsables de los mismos. Otro grupo considera que estas labores deben ser compartidas aunque otro asegura que se debería escoger entre trabajar y hacer los quehaceres, no ambos Los aquí presentados son los principales resultados de la investigación que más adelante son desarrollados de una manera más amplia en sus respectivos capítulos. Palabras Clave: Percepción, equidad, género, participación, mujer.Tesi

Guanabenz inhibits TLR9 signaling through a pathway that is independent of eIF2α dephosphorylation by the GADD34/PP1c complex

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers or amplifies inflammatory signals and cytokine production in immune cells. Upon the resolution of ER stress, the inducible phosphatase 1 cofactor GADD34 promotes the dephosphorylation of the initiation factor eIF2α, thereby enabling protein translation to resume. Several aminoguanidine compounds, such as guanabenz, perturb the eIF2α phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle and protect different cell or tissue types from protein misfolding and degeneration. We investigated how pharmacological interference with the eIF2α pathway could be beneficial to treat autoinflammatory diseases dependent on proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs), the production of which is regulated by GADD34 in dendritic cells (DCs). In mouse and human DCs and B cells, guanabenz prevented the activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides or DNA-immunoglobulin complexes in endosomes. In vivo, guanabenz protected mice from CpG oligonucleotide-dependent cytokine shock and decreased autoimmune symptom severity in a chemically induced model of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, we found that guanabenz exerted its inhibitory effect independently of GADD34 activity on eIF2α and instead decreased the abundance of CH25H, a cholesterol hydroxylase linked to antiviral immunity. Our results therefore suggest that guanabenz and similar compounds could be used to treat type I IFN-dependent pathologies and that CH25H could be a therapeutic target to control these diseases.publishe

The 20S Proteasome Splicing Activity Discovered by SpliceMet

The identification of proteasome-generated spliced peptides (PSP) revealed a new unpredicted activity of the major cellular protease. However, so far characterization of PSP was entirely dependent on the availability of patient-derived cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL) thus preventing a systematic investigation of proteasome-catalyzed peptide splicing (PCPS). For an unrestricted PSP identification we here developed SpliceMet, combining the computer-based algorithm ProteaJ with in vitro proteasomal degradation assays and mass spectrometry. By applying SpliceMet for the analysis of proteasomal processing products of four different substrate polypeptides, derived from human tumor as well as viral antigens, we identified fifteen new spliced peptides generated by PCPS either by cis or from two separate substrate molecules, i.e., by trans splicing. Our data suggest that 20S proteasomes represent a molecular machine that, due to its catalytic and structural properties, facilitates the generation of spliced peptides, thereby providing a pool of qualitatively new peptides from which functionally relevant products may be selected

Two Plant Bacteria, S. meliloti and Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus, Share Functional znuABC Homologues That Encode for a High Affinity Zinc Uptake System

The Znu system, encoded for by znuABC, can be found in multiple genera of bacteria and has been shown to be responsible for the import of zinc under low zinc conditions. Although this high-affinity uptake system is known to be important for both growth and/or pathogenesis in bacteria, it has not been functionally characterized in a plant-associated bacterium. A single homologue of this system has been identified in the plant endosymbiont, Sinorhizobium meliloti, while two homologous systems were found in the destructive citrus pathogen, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. To understand the role of these protein homologues, a complementation assay was devised allowing the individual genes that comprise the system to be assayed independently for their ability to reinstate a partially-inactivated Znu system. Results from the assays have demonstrated that although all of the genes from S. meliloti were able to restore activity, only one of the two Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus encoded gene clusters contained genes that were able to functionally complement the system. Additional analysis of the gene clusters reveals that distinct modes of regulation may also exist between the Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus and S. meliloti import systems despite the intracellular-plant niche common to both of these bacteria