The Characteristic of Light Vehicles Emissions at Urban Roads in Makassar City

This study aims to analyze the characteristics of HC, NOx, SO2, CO, and CO2 emissions, originating from motor vehicle against vehicle travel time and average speed of vehicles on the main road networks, with heterogeneous traffic situation in the city of Makassar. Location studies conducted on eleven (11) roads, starting from 06:00 am until 20:00 pm. The survey data consists of the vehicle operational characteristics, including engine type, engine size and vehicle life-cycle, where derived from the secondary data. The primary data consists of travel time, vehicle emissions and vehicle speed. The emissions measurements performed with the emissions test equipment (portable measurement system), that is attached to the tool exhaust vehicle condition, moving on a highway with traffic flow heterogeneous situation. The results of the compilation data on vehicle operating characteristics obtained, 51 light vehicle categories with a percentage of 88.14% MPFI and Carburator engine types of 11.86%. The result shows that the amount of CO and CO2 emissions fluctuated over travel time and vehicle speed, while emissions of HC, NOx, and SO2 tends to be constant. The Lowest emissions of CO2 and CO on vehicle speeds ranging between 25-65 km/h and 35-65 km/h. The study results provide be a reference to the next research that is emission factor analysis for 51 light vehicle categories in operation in Makassar City

Miniaturization of Resonator based on Moore Fractal

This paper presents the simulation and fabrication of miniaturized half wavelength resonator design using Moore fractal iteration technique. These resonators have been prepared for wireless application at a centre frequency of 2.45GHz using a substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2. The size and performance are compared with the conventional half wavelength open line resonator. It can be shown that the Moore fractal iteration technique able to reduce 46% of the size of conventional half wavelength resonator through first iteration, and 30% through second iteration while maintaining the resonance performance. The resonators have been fabricated using conventional printed circuit board facilities not specialized in microwave devices. However, the unloaded Q-value of the Moore structure generally much lower compared the open line type

Tingkat Pertumbuhan Dan Biomassa Bibit Rhizophora Apiculata Di Perairan Delta Upang Banyuasin Sumatera Selatan

The research about growth level and seed biomass of Rhizophora apiculata was conducted on September to November 2009 in Upang Delta area, Banyuasin Regency, Province of South Sumatera. The observation location was divided into 3 stations. The growth level of Rhizophora apiculata seed was measured in each monitorings for three months after planting. Calculation and measured were done conducted consist of living percentage, seed growing, total of leaves and diameter of tree. Calculation biomass of Rhizophora apiculata seed was conducted by cutting seed then it was dried on the oven with temperature 105 oC for 24 hours. The living percentage of R. Apiculata was range between 46,67-73,33%. The increase height average of bud weas 0,45-0,74 cm. The average diameter of bud which have been planting for 3 months were 0,02-0,04 peaces. Biomass of R. apiculata feed lings 3 months were 21,622-33,729 gr. Keywords: Biomass, Growth level, Rhizophora apiculata, The Delta of Upang. Penelitian tingkat pertumbuhan dan biomassa bibit Rhizophora apiculata dilakukan pada bulan September sampai November 2009 di Delta Upang Kabupaten Banyuasin, Propinsi Sumatera Selatan. Lokasi pengamatan dibagi menjadi 3 stasiun. Untuk mengetahui tingkat pertumbuhan bibit R. apiculata dilakukan pengukuran pada setiap kali pengamatan selama tiga bulan setelah penanaman. Perhitungan dan pengukuran yang dilakukan meliputi persentase kehidupan , pertumbuhan tunas, jumlah daun serta ukuran diameter batang. Perhitungan biomassa bibit R. apiculata dilakukan dengan memotong bibit kemudian dikeringkan ke dalam oven pada suhu 105oC selama 24 jam. Tingkat persentase hidup R. apiculata yaitu berkisar antara 46,67-73,33%. Pertambahan tinggi tunas rata-rata bibit yaitu 0,45-0,74 cm. Diameter rata-rata selama tiga bulan penanaman berkisar antara 0,02-0,04 mm dan jumlah daun rata-rata selama tiga bulan penanaman yaitu 2-3 helai. Biomassa yang didapatkan setelah tiga bulan pengamatan yaitu 21,622-33,729 gr

Theoretical Analysis of a Two-stage Sagnac loop filter using Jones Matrices

In this work, a theoretical analysis of a Sagnac loop filter (SLF) with two-stage polarization maintaining fibers (PMFs) and polarization controllers (PCs) is presented. The transmission function of this two-stage SLF is calculated in detail by using Jones matrix. The calculation is performed in order to investigate the filtering characteristics. The theoretical results show that the wavelength interval is depending on the dynamic settings of the length of the PMFs and the polarization angle of the PCs. By changing the polarization angle of the PCs, a multiple of single, dual or triple wavelength in each channel can be achieved. Based on this study, a flat multiwavelength spectrum can be obtained by adjusting the PMFs and the PCs in the two-stage SLF. This finding significantly contributes to the generation of multiwavelength fiber laser (MWFL) that can be used for many optical applications

Steerable Higher-order Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Parasitic Elements for 5G Applications

© 2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works.This paper presents the findings of a steerable higher-order mode (TEy 1δ3) dielectric resonator antenna with parasitic elements. The beam steering was successfully achieved by switching the termination capacitor on the parasitic element. In this light, all of the dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) have the same dielectric permittivity similar to that of 10 and was excited by a 50Ω microstrip with a narrow aperture. The effect of the mutual coupling on the radiation pattern and the reflection coefficient, as well as the array factor were investigated clearly using MATLAB ver. 2014b and ANSYS HFSS ver. 16. As the result, the antenna beam of the proposed DRA array managed to steer from -32° to +32° at 15 GHz. Furthermore, the measured antenna array showed the maximum gain of 9.25 dBi and the reflection coefficients which are less than -10 dB with the bandwidth more than 1.3 GHz, which is viewed as desirable for Device-to-Device communication (D2D) in 5G Internet of Things (IoT) applications

Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range

In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28 GHz. First, non-reconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06 dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches