Dumping and Anti-Dumping in International Trade Origins, Legal Nature, and Evolution Developments in Brazil and in the United States

Dumping is when an exporting country sells their goods in the foreign market for less than the price of the goods in their own domestic market. Dumping has a negative connotation because it threatens domestic industries in the importing country. In response to harmful dumping situations, mechanisms of defense have been developed to protect nations from unfair trade practices. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) recognizes in Article VI anti-dumping tariffs as a legitimate defense to protect domestic industries from foreign predatory pricing practices. This paper focuses on anti-dumping developments in international trade since the beginning of the 20th century until the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and pays special attention to those in Brazil and the United States

RELIGION AND CONFLICTS OF VALUE IN CONTEMPORARY BRAZILIAN SOCIETY

RELIGION AND CONFLICTS OF VALUE IN CONTEMPORARY BRAZILIAN SOCIET

VCube-PS: A Causal Broadcast Topic-based Publish/Subscribe System

In this work we present VCube-PS, a topic-based Publish/Subscribe system built on the top of a virtual hypercube-like topology. Membership information and published messages are broadcast to subscribers (members) of a topic group over dynamically built spanning trees rooted at the publisher. For a given topic, the delivery of published messages respects the causal order. VCube-PS was implemented on the PeerSim simulator, and experiments are reported including a comparison with the traditional Publish/Subscribe approach that employs a single rooted static spanning-tree for message distribution. Results confirm the efficiency of VCube-PS in terms of scalability, latency, number and size of messages.Comment: Improved text and performance evaluation. Added proof for the algorithms (Section 3.4

Cartografia Como Uma Cripistemologia: Reflexões A Partir De Um Território Autista

This article presents a discussion based on a cartography performed by a researcher diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. This cartography is made by mapping the lines of desire of the research process itself, which took place over six years and included both master’s and doctoral degrees. Considering the elaborations of Deleuze and Guattari regarding cartography as the mapping of the affectations experienced in a given existential territory, it is understood here that this process, when produced from a crippled territory, becomes entangled and gains potential as a cripistemology. It is, therefore, a way of producing knowledge without erasing people with disabilities (PWDs).O artigo traz uma discussão elaborada a partir de uma cartografia realizada por um pesquisador com diagnóstico de Transtorno do Espectro Autista. Esta cartografia, é feita pelo mapeamento das linhas de desejo do próprio processo de pesquisar que transcorreu durante seis anos, compreendendo o mestrado e doutorado. Considerando as elaborações de Deleuze e Guattari a respeito da cartografia como o mapeamento das afetações vivenciadas em determinado território existencial, compreende-se aqui que esta, quando produzida a partir de um território crip - aleijado – emaranha-se e ganha potencial como uma cripistemologia, sendo, portanto, uma maneira de produzir conhecimento que rompe com o apagamento das pessoas com deficiências

Saccharin analysis in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations by derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometry

A sacarina, adoçante sintético constituinte de várias preparações farmacêuticas e cosméticas, foi analisada de forma qualitativa e quantitativa na presença de substâncias interferentes como princípios ativos e excipientes das formulações. Utilizou-se a espectrofotometria derivada no ultravioleta, por meio da segunda e da quarta ordens de diferenciação. Os resultados obtidos na padronização do método foram satisfatórios e mostraram precisão no intervalo de 0,53%-0,72%, e linearidade entre 0,99980,9999. O teste de recuperação, aplicado na amostra gel dental situou entre 97,80% e 104,95%, para a segunda ordem, e entre 98,04% e 101,32%, para a quarta ordem de diferenciação, respectivamente, empregando os métodos zero-pico (ZP) and pico-pico (PP). A amostra suspensão oral mostrou valores entre 97,35% e 104,72%, para a segunda ordem, e valores entre 95,94% e 104,41%, para a quarta ordem de diferenciação, respectivamente, empregando os métodos zero-pico (ZP) and pico-pico (PP). O método proposto mostrou ser preciso, simples e exato.Saccharin, a synthetic sweetener constituent of several pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, is analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in the presence of interferences like active ingredients and excipients. A derivative ultraviolet spectrophotometric method employing the second and the fourth orders was used. The calibration data obtained were satisfactory, with a relative precision range of 0.53%-0.72%, and linearity between 0.9998-0.9999. The recovery test results for the toothgel sample ranged between 97.80% and 104.95% in the second order of derivative and between 98.04% and 101.32% in the fourth derivative, respectively, using zero-peak (ZP) and peak-peak (PP) methods. The suspension sample showed values between 97.35% and 104.72% in the second derivative and between 95.94% to 104.41% in the fourth derivative, respectively, employing the zero-peak (ZP) and peak-peak (PP) methods. The proposed method showed precision, accuracy and simplicity

Homicide and road traffic accident deaths among young men in the Northern and West Central regions of Brazil, 1980-2005

O estudo descreve as tendências do risco de morte por acidentes de transporte terrestre (ATT) e homicídios (HO) em homens de 20 a 49 anos de idade nas capitais das Regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, entre 1980 e 2005. Foi conduzido um estudo ecológico descritivo de análise das séries temporais das médias móveis trianuais dos riscos de morte por ATT e HO, com uso de regressão linear. O risco de HO nas capitais estudadas passou de 49,8 para 91,6 por 100 mil homens (p≤0,001) no período de 1980-1982 a 2003-2005, merecendo destaque Cuiabá (β=7,8), capital do Estado de Mato Grosso, e Macapá (β=5,3), capital do Estado do Amapá. Em relação à mortalidade por ATT, após ajuste da tendência anual média, comparando os períodos pré e pós-implantação do Código de Trânsito Brasileiro (CTB, 1998), observa-se redução média em -10,9 óbitos por 100 mil homens, merecendo destaque Brasília-DF (β=-33,9) e Goiânia (β=-24,8), capital do Estado de Goiás. Esses resultados podem direcionar estudos e intervenções futuras. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis ecological analysis provides trends of mortality of men aged 20-49 years, by homicide (HO) and road traffic accident (RTA) in 11 capital cities in the Northern and West Central Regions of Brazil during the period 1980-2005. Linear regression was used to obtain time trend of the mean risk of dying by homicide or RTA. The overall risk of homicide increased from 49.8 to 91.6 deaths/100,000 men (p≤0.001) from the period 1980-1982 to 2003-2005. The largest increases were noticed in the cities of Cuiabá (β=7.8), capital of the State of Mato Grosso, and Macapá (β=5.3), capital of the State of Amapá. In 1998 was implemented nationwide the new Brazilian Traffic Code (CTB). When analysing the RTA mortality rates after adjusting for the annual average trend, a mean decrease of -10.9 deaths/100,000 men was observed comparing the pre-CTB and post-CTB periods. The largest decreases were documented for Brasilia-DF (β=-33.9) and Goiânia (β=-24.8), capital of the State of Goiás. The present findings may guide future studies and interventions targeting these Regions

Forecasting Financial Distress With Machine Learning – A Review

Purpose – Evaluate the various academic researches with multiple views on credit risk and artificial intelligence (AI) and their evolution.Theoretical framework – The study is divided as follows: Section 1 introduces the article. Section 2 deals with credit risk and its relationship with computational models and techniques. Section 3 presents the methodology. Section 4 addresses a discussion of the results and challenges on the topic. Finally, section 5 presents the conclusions.Design/methodology/approach – A systematic review of the literature was carried out without defining the time period and using the Web of Science and Scopus database.Findings – The application of computational technology in the scope of credit risk analysis has drawn attention in a unique way. It was found that the demand for identification and introduction of new variables, classifiers and more assertive methods is constant. The effort to improve the interpretation of data and models is intense.Research, Practical & Social implications – It contributes to the verification of the theory, providing information in relation to the most used methods and techniques, it brings a wide analysis to deepen the knowledge of the factors and variables on the theme. It categorizes the lines of research and provides a summary of the literature, which serves as a reference, in addition to suggesting future research.Originality/value – Research in the area of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning is recent and requires attention and investigation, thus, this study contributes to the opening of new views in order to deepen the work on this topic

Non universality of entanglement convertibility

Recently, it has been suggested that operational properties connected to quantum computation can be alternative indicators of quantum phase transitions. In this work we systematically study these operational properties in 1D systems that present phase transitions of different orders. For this purpose, we evaluate the local convertibility between bipartite ground states. Our results suggest that the operational properties, related to non-analyticities of the entanglement spectrum, are good detectors of explicit symmetries of the model, but not necessarily of phase transitions. We also show that thermodynamically equivalent phases, such as Luttinger liquids, may display different convertibility properties depending on the underlying microscopic model.Comment: 5 pages + references, 4 figures - improved versio

Caracterización de las epidemias de malaria en los municipios de la Amazonia brasileña en 2010

Epidemias de malária ocorrem anualmente nos municípios da Região Amazônica, Brasil, no entanto os serviços de saúde não adotam, de maneira sistemática, instrumentos para detecção e contenção oportunas desses eventos. O objetivo foi caracterizar as epidemias de malária na região segundo duração, espécie de Plasmodium e vulnerabilidade das populações. Foi avaliado um sistema de monitoramento automatizado da incidência da malária, com base no diagrama de controle segundo quartis, para identificar as epidemias da doença. Em 2010, ocorreram epidemias em 338 (41,9%) municípios da região. Houve epidemias por P. falciparum e por P. vivax, separadamente, e também por ambas as espécies. Epidemias com duração de um a quatro meses ocorreram em 58,3% dos municípios epidêmicos; de cinco a oito meses, em 24,3%; e de nove a 12 meses, em 17,4%. O monitoramento automatizado da variação da incidência da malária poderá contribuir para detecção precoce das epidemias e melhorar o seu controle oportuno.Malaria epidemics occur annually in various municipalities (counties) in the Brazilian Amazon. However, health services do not systematically adopt tools to detect and promptly control these events. This article aimed to characterize malaria epidemics in the Brazilian Amazon Region based on their duration, the Plasmodium species involved, and the population’s degree of vulnerability. An automatic malaria incidence monitoring system based on quartiles was assessed for prompt identification of malaria epidemics. In 2010, epidemics were identified in 338 (41.9%) of the counties in the Brazilian Amazon. P. falciparum and P. vivax epidemics were detected, both singly and in combination. Epidemics lasted from 1 to 4 months in 58.3% of the counties, 5 to 8 months in 34.5%, and 9 to 12 months in 17.4%. Systematic monitoring of malaria incidence could contribute to early detection of epidemics and improve the effectiveness of control measures.Las epidemias de malaria ocurren anualmente en los municipios de la Región Amazónica, Brasil, no obstante, los servicios de salud no adoptan de manera sistemática instrumentos para la detección y contención oportuna de este tipo de eventos. El objetivo fue caracterizar las epidemias de malaria en la región según su duración, especie de Plasmodium y vulnerabilidad de las poblaciones. Se evalúo un sistema de supervisión automatizado de la incidencia de la malaria, en base al diagrama de control según cuartiles, con el fin de identificar las epidemias de la enfermedad. En 2010, se produjeron epidemias en 338 (41,9%) municipios de la región. Hubo epidemias por P. falciparum y por P. vivax, separadamente, y también por ambas especies. Hubo epidemias con una duración de uno a cuatro meses que se produjeron en un 58,3% de los municipios epidémicos; de cinco a ocho meses, en un 24,3%; y de nueve a 12 meses, en un 17,4%. La supervisión automatizada de la variación de la incidencia de la malaria podrá contribuir a la detección precoz de las epidemias y mejorar su control adecuado