Desenvolvimento e produtividade de maracujazeiro amarelo enxertado na região de Presidente Prudente, SP

A morte prematura de plantas tem causado sérios problemas na cultura do maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims), provocando redução na produção e migração da cultura. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade de plantas de maracujazeiro-amarelo enxertadas por garfagem e encostia com raiz dupla. O trabalho foi conduzido no período de agosto de 2009 a junho de 2010 no município de Presidente Prudente, SP.  Estudaram-se dois porta-enxertos, o P. alata e o P. gibertii, plantas enxertadas sobre P. gibertii e P. edulis (raiz dupla) e plantas sem enxertia (pé-franco). Avaliaram-se o diâmetro do porta-enxerto e do enxerto, o número de frutos por planta e a produtividade do maracujazeiro-amarelo. Adotou-se o delineamento estatístico em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e nove repetições. A enxertia pode ser utilizada no cultivo comercial do maracujazeiro-amarelo, desde que o porta-enxerto seja compatível com o enxerto. Plantas pé-franco e plantas enxertadas por encostia foram mais vigorosas que plantas enxertadas por garfagem. O uso da enxertia não interferiu no número de frutos e na produtividade do maracujazeiro amarelo

ESTUDOS DA MARCHA DE ABSORÇÃO DE NUTRIENTES PARA RECOMENDAÇÃO DE ADUBAÇÃO NO CULTIVO DA CEBOLA

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer uma recomendação mais precisa de adubação, considerando a fenologia e a exigência nutricional das plantas. A recomendação foi elaborada com base em pesquisas científicas recentes, que abordam a curva ou marcha de absorção de nutrientes, realizados em campo aberto nas condições edafoclimáticas do estado de São Paulo. Os critérios de recomendação foram: valores atuais de produtividade da cultura da cebola, população de plantas por hectare e métodos utilizados para extração dos nutrientes analisados. As quantidades dos adubos foram calculadas a partir da recomendação de cada nutriente, determinada em função da curva de acúmulo de nutrientes da cultura. Além disso, foi considerada a eficiência de aproveitamento dos nutrientes pelas plantas de acordo com o tipo de solo e o sistema de cultivo. Verificou-se que a maior exigência nutricional da cultura da cebola ocorre durante a bulbificação. É importante destacar que a quantidade de cada nutriente a ser aplicada depende das condições climáticas, do tipo de solo, do sistema de irrigação e do manejo cultural

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Propagação por garfagem da aceroleira cv. Okinawa sobre diferentes porta-enxertos

A importância de se estudar a acerola deve-se ao alto teor de ácido ascórbico (vitamina C) contido nos frutos, com valores de até 4000 mg por 100 g de polpa. A área ocupada com a cultura da aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) no Estado de São Paulo abrange 597 ha e 65% da produção está localizada na região da Alta Paulista. Nesta região os produtores utilizam a cultivar Olivier, e a propagação é realizada por estaquia, devido à baixa germinação das sementes e desuniformidade das plantas quando propagadas por sementes. Ressaltando o interesse de incentivar o cultivo de outras variedades de aceroleira como a Okinawa, que se destaca nas demais regiões produtoras do Brasil, e na busca de um porta-enxerto alternativo para nematoides; objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o pegamento e o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas da aceroleira cv. Okinawa propagadas por enxertia de garfagem tipo fenda completa cheia sobre diferentes porta-enxertos. O experimento foi conduzido de 10 de janeiro a 12 de dezembro de 2011 no viveiro experimental do Polo Regional Alta Paulista da APTA, em Adamantina-SP. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 7 porta-enxertos propagados por sementes, das seguintes cultivares: Okinawa, Olivier, Apodi (BRS 235), Cereja (BRS 236), Roxinha (BRS 237), Frutacor (BRS 238) e Waldy CATI 30. Para o enxerto, utilizaram-se somente garfos da cultivar Okinawa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 7 tratamentos (porta-enxertos), e 3 repetições. Aos 40, 55 e 75 dias após a enxertia foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de pegamento através da emissão de brotos acima da região enxertada; altura da muda, diâmetro dos caules do portaenxerto e enxerto, número de folhas e brotos emitidos no enxerto. Aos 75 dias após a enxertia avaliaram-se a massa da matéria seca da...The importance of Barbados cherry study applied the high ascorbic acid content (vitamin C) in the fruits, with values until 4000 mg of ascorbic acid by 100 g pulp. The placed area with Barbados cherry plant (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) in state of São Paulo include 597 ha e 65% of production situated in Alta Paulista land. In this land the rural producers use cultivar Olivier and the propagation realized by cuttings, due to low germination of seeds and nonuniform plants propagated by seeds. Underscoring the interest of encouraging the cultivation of others Barbados cherry plant varieties like Okinawa, which stands out in other regions of Brazil, and the pursuit of a rootstock alternative nematodes; the objective of this work was to evaluate the grafting success and the initial development of Barbados cherry cv. Okinawa propagated by cleft grafting on different rootstocks. The experiment was conducted from January 10 to December 12 2011 in the experimental nursery Polo Regional Alta Paulista of APTA in Adamantina-SP. The treatments consisted of seven rootstocks propagated by seeds of the following varieties: Okinawa, Olivier, Apodi (BRS 235), Cherry (BRS 236), Roxinha (BRS 237), Frutacor (BRS 238) and Waldy CATI 30. For the grafting, we used only forks cultivar Okinawa. The experimental design completely randomized with 7 treatments (rootstocks), and 3 replications. At 40, 55 and 75 days after cleft grafting was evaluated the following variables: grafting success percentage through the bud emission over grafting region, height of seedling, stalk diameter of rootstock and graft, number of leaves and buds emitted on graft. At 75 days after cleft grafting was evaluated the shoot, root and total dry matter mass. Based on the obtained results it can be concluded that due to the high percentage of living grafts on different rootstocks... (Complete abstract click electronic access below

Produtividade e características físicas de frutos de Passiflora edulis enxertado sobre Passiflora gibertii em diferentes espaçamentos de plantio

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes espaçamentos de plantio na produtividade e nas características físicas de frutos do maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims) enxertado sobre o maracujazeiro-de-veado (Passiflora gibertii N.E. Brown). O experimento foi conduzido no município de Adamantina-SP, no período de maio de 2009 a abril de 2010, adotando-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de diferentes espaçamentos na linha de plantio: T1 - 1,0 m (3.125 plantas/ha); T2 - 1,5 m (2.083 plantas/ha); T3 - 2,0 m (1.563 plantas/ha); T4 - 3,0 m (1.042 plantas/ha); T5 - 4,0 m (781 plantas/ha), e T6 - 5,0 m (625 plantas/ha). O espaçamento nas entrelinhas foi de 3,2 m de largura em todos os tratamentos. Avaliaram-se o diâmetro transversal dos frutos, o número de frutos por planta, a massa média por fruto e a produtividade. Verificou-se que o adensamento de plantas näo interferiu no diâmetro transversal e na massa média dos frutos. Observou-se um menor número de frutos por planta nos espaçamentos mais adensados, que foram compensados pela produtividade por área

MANEJO DA NUTRIÇÃO E ADUBAÇÃO DA BATATA-DOCE

A área plantada com batata-doce aumentou nos últimos anos no Brasil. Porém, por ser uma cultura considerada rústica, há pouca informação sobre sua exigência nutricional e eficiência da adubação. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi fornecer informações sobre a nutrição e a adubação da batata-doce. Foram abordados, temas como características das plantas, fases de desenvolvimento, tipo de solo, manejo da adubação orgânica e inorgânica, com destaque para os nutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, assim como, a marcha de absorção de nutrientes. Observou-se que a recomendação de adubação de plantio e o uso de adubos verdes é variável na produção de batata-doce. Verificou-se a necessidade de mais estudos em diversos aspectos na nutrição desta cultura. Desta forma, a elaboração de recomendação de adubação com base científica é importante para melhor eficiência do produto. Sendo que a marcha de absorção e o uso do clorofilômetro são ferramentas que podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de batata-doce

Sistemas integrados de gestão na produção e pós-colheita de frutas no brasil

O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor de frutas, participando com 6% da produção mundial. Devido a maior preocupação e conscientização dos consumidores, atualmente, há grande procura por alimentos seguros e saudáveis, principalmente os consumidos in natura, que sejam produzidos respeitando o meio ambiente e sejam socialmente responsáveis. Para atender às exigências de mercado, normas internacionais de sistemas de gestão foram criadas pela necessidade de padronização de conceitos da qualidade a fim de proporcionar igual competitividade a qualquer organização, independentemente de sua dimensão e ramo de atuação, em qualquer país. Na área agrícola, normas de certificação também foram desenvolvidas e adaptadas pelo governo brasileiro para garantir a participação do Brasil no mercado externo, não sofrer restrição pelas barreiras não tarifárias além de produzir alimentos seguros e de qualidade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é reunir elementos do sistema integrado de gestão, abrangendo as normas ISO 9001 e ISO 14001, gestão da qualidade e meio ambiente respectivamente, e relacioná-las com a produção e processamento pós-colheita de frutas como garantia de alimento seguro e de qualidade, a partir de certificações agrícolas como Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF), Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC) e Produção Integrada de Frutas (PIF), possibilitando apontar as vantagens de implantação e otimização de recursos e tempo de implementação de ações. Os princípios do sistema de gestão formam a base para a melhoria contínua do desempenho, focada nos objetivos do sistema e na identificação de seus componentes. Os sistemas de certificação da produção agrícola, se aliados a um sistema de gestão, podem apresentar maior eficácia e fluidez nos seus processos de produção