Using theorem provers to increase the precision of dependence analysis for information flow control

Information flow control (IFC) is a category of techniques for enforcing information flow properties. In this paper we present the Combined Approach, a novel IFC technique that combines a scalable system-dependence-graph-based (SDG-based) approach with a precise logic-based approach based on a theorem prover. The Combined Approach has an increased precision compared with the SDG-based approach on its own, without sacrificing its scalability. For every potential illegal information flow reported by the SDG-based approach, the Combined Approach automatically generates proof obligations that, if valid, prove that there is no program path for which the reported information flow can happen. These proof obligations are then relayed to the logic-based approach. We also show how the SDG-based approach can provide additional information to the theorem prover that helps decrease the verification effort. Moreover, we present a prototypical implementation of the Combined Approach that uses the tools JOANA and KeY as the SDG-based and logic-based approach respectively

Effect of arsenic-phosphorus interaction on arsenic-induced oxidative stress in chickpea plants

Arsenic-induced oxidative stress in chickpea was investigated under glasshouse conditions in response to application of arsenic and phosphorus. Three levels of arsenic (0, 30 and 60 mg kg−1) and four levels of P (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg kg−1) were applied to soil-grown plants. Increasing levels of both arsenic and P significantly increased arsenic concentrations in the plants. Shoot growth was reduced with increased arsenic supply regardless of applied P levels. Applied arsenic induced oxidative stress in the plants, and the concentrations of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation were increased. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants decreased in these plants, but activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were significantly increased under arsenic phytotoxicity. Increased supply of P decreased activities of CAT and APX, and decreased concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants, but the high-P plants had lowered lipid peroxidation. It can be concluded that P increased uptake of arsenic from the soil, probably by making it more available, but although plant growth was inhibited by arsenic the P may have partially protected the membranes from arsenic-induced oxidative stress

Two-Fermion Bound States within the Bethe-Salpeter Approach

To solve the spinor-spinor Bethe-Salpeter equation in Euclidean space we propose a novel method related to the use of hyperspherical harmonics. We suggest an appropriate extension to form a new basis of spin-angular harmonics that is suitable for a representation of the vertex functions. We present a numerical algorithm to solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation and investigate in detail the properties of the solution for the scalar, pseudoscalar and vector meson exchange kernels including the stability of bound states. We also compare our results to the non relativistic ones and to the results given by light front dynamics.Comment: 32 pages, XIII Tables, 8 figure

The deuteron: structure and form factors

A brief review of the history of the discovery of the deuteron in provided. The current status of both experiment and theory for the elastic electron scattering is then presented.Comment: 80 pages, 33 figures, submited to Advances in Nuclear Physic

Regionalização para o cultivo do feijão no Rio Grande do Sul com base na interação genótipo x ambiente¹.

bitstream/item/59171/1/Iraja-V59N002P19810.pd

Comparative cytogenetic analysis of two grasshopper species of the tribe Abracrini (Ommatolampinae, Acrididae)

The grasshopper species Orthoscapheus rufipes and Eujivarus fusiformis were analyzed using several cytogenetic techniques. The karyotype of O. rufipes, described here for the first time, had a diploid number of 2n = 23, whereas E. fusiformis had a karyotype with 2n = 21. The two species showed the same mechanism of sex determination (XO type) but differed in chromosome morphology. Pericentromeric blocks of constitutive heterochromatin (CH) were detected in the chromosome complement of both species. CMA3/DA/DAPI staining revealed CMA3-positive blocks in CH regions in four autosomal bivalents of O. rufipes and in two of E. fusiformis. The location of active NORs differed between the two species, occurring in bivalents M6 and S9 of O. rufipes and M6 and M7 of E. fusiformsi. The rDNA sites revealed by FISH coincided with the number and position of the active NORs detected by AgNO3 staining. The variability in chromosomal markers accounted for the karyotype differentiation observed in the tribe Abracrini

Are preferences over health states informed?

BACKGROUND: The use of preference-elicitation tasks for valuing health states is well established, but little is known about whether these preferences are informed. Preferences may not be informed because individuals with little experience of ill health are asked to value health states. The use of uninformed preferences in cost-effectiveness can result in sub-optimal resource allocation. The aim of this study was to pilot a novel method to assess whether members of the public are informed about health states they value in preference-elicitation tasks. METHODS: The general public was said to be informed if the expectations of the public about the effect of ill health on people's lives were in agreement with the experience of patients. Sixty-two members of the public provided their expectations of the consequences of ill health on five life domains (activities, enjoyment, independence, relationships, and avoiding being a burden). A secondary dataset was used to measure patient experience on those five consequences. RESULTS: There were differences between the expectations of the public and the experience of patients. For example, for all five life consequences the public underestimated the effects of problems in usual activities compared to problems in mobility. They also underestimated the effect of 'anxiety or depression' compared to physical problems on enjoyment of life and on the quality of personal relationships. CONCLUSIONS: This proof-of-concept study showed that it is possible to test whether preferences are informed. This study should be replicated using a larger sample. The findings suggest that preferences over health states in this sample are not fully informed because the participants do not have accurate expectations about the consequences of ill health. These uninformed preferences may not be adequate for allocation of public resources, and research is needed into methods to make them better informed

Connectivity and resilience of coral reef metapopulations in marine protected areas : matching empirical efforts to predictive needs

© 2009 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Coral Reefs 28 (2009): 327-337, doi:10.1007/s00338-009-0466-z.Design and decision-making for marine protected areas (MPAs) on coral reefs require prediction of MPA effects with population models. Modeling of MPAs has shown how the persistence of metapopulations in systems of MPAs depends on the size and spacing of MPAs, and levels of fishing outside the MPAs. However, the pattern of demographic connectivity produced by larval dispersal is a key uncertainty in those modeling studies. The information required to assess population persistence is a dispersal matrix containing the fraction of larvae traveling to each location from each location, not just the current number of larvae exchanged among locations. Recent metapopulation modeling research with hypothetical dispersal matrices has shown how the spatial scale of dispersal, degree of advection versus diffusion, total larval output, and temporal and spatial variability in dispersal influence population persistence. Recent empirical studies using population genetics, parentage analysis, and geochemical and artificial marks in calcified structures have improved the understanding of dispersal. However, many such studies report current self-recruitment (locally produced settlement/settlement from elsewhere), which is not as directly useful as local retention (locally produced settlement/total locally released), which is a component of the dispersal matrix. Modeling of biophysical circulation with larval particle tracking can provide the required elements of dispersal matrices and assess their sensitivity to flows and larval behavior, but it requires more assumptions than direct empirical methods. To make rapid progress in understanding the scales and patterns of connectivity, greater communication between empiricists and population modelers will be needed. Empiricists need to focus more on identifying the characteristics of the dispersal matrix, while population modelers need to track and assimilate evolving empirical results.Work by CB Paris was supported by the National Science Foundation grant NSF-OCE 0550732. Work by M-A Coffroth and SR Thorrold was supported by the National Science Foundation grant NSF-OCE 0424688. Work by TL Shearer was supported by an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group grant R21 TW006662-01 from the Fogarty International Center at the National Institutes of Health

Long-term postharvest aroma evolution of tomatoes with the alcobaça (alc) mutation

The postharvest evolution of Penjar tomatoes has been studied in four accessions representative of the variability of the varietal type. The long-term shelf life of these materials, which carry the alc allele, was confirmed with 31.2-59.1% of commercial fruits after 6 months of effective conservation at room temperature and a limited loss of weight (21.1-27.9%). Aroma in Penjar tomatoes is differentiated from other tomato varieties by a characteristic 'sharp-floral' aroma descriptor. The evolution of the 'sharp-floral' aroma during postharvest showed a peak of intensity at 2 months of postharvest, though in one accession a delay of 2 months in this response was detected. Out of 25 volatiles analysed, including main and background notes, a reverse iPLS variable selection revealed that the main candidates behind this aromatic behaviour are ¿-terpineol, trans-2-hexenal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, trans-2-octenal, ¿-pinene, ß-ionone, 2 + 3-methylbutanol and phenylacetaldehyde. Between harvest and 2 months postharvest, most compounds reduced considerably their concentration, while the intensity of the 'sharp-floral' descriptor increased, which means that probably there is a rearrangement of the relative concentrations among volatiles that may lead to masking/unmasking processes. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.This work was supported by grants from the Conselleria de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacio de la Comunidad Valenciana, the Fundacion de la Comunidad Valenciana para la Investigacion Agroalimentaria (AGROALIMED) and from the Departament d'Agricultura, Alimentacio i Accio Rural (DAR) de la Generalitat de Catalunya.Casals Missio, J.; Cebolla Cornejo, J.; Rosello Ripolles, S.; Beltran Arandes, J.; Casanas, F.; Nuez Viñals, F. (2011). Long-term postharvest aroma evolution of tomatoes with the alcobaça (alc) mutation. European Food Research and Technology. 233(2):331-342. doi:10.1007/s00217-011-1517-6S3313422332Petro-Turza M (1987) Flavor of tomato and tomato products. Food Rev Int 2:309–351Butterry RG (1993) Quantitative and sensory aspects of flavor of tomato and other vegetables and fruits. In: Acree TE, Teranishi R (eds) Flavor science: sensible principles and techniques. American Chemical Society, WashingtonGoff SA, Klee HJ (2006) Plant volatile compounds: sensory cues for health and nutritional value? Science 311:815–819Tieman DM, Zeigler M, Schmelz EA, Taylor MG, Bliss P, Kirst M, Klee MJ (2006) Identification of loci affecting flavour volatile emissions in tomato fruits. J Exp Bot 57:887–896Zanor MI, Rambla JL, Chaïb J, Steppa A, Medina A, Granell A, Fernie AR, Causse M (2009) Metabolic characterization of loci affecting sensory attributes allows an assessment of the influence of the levels of primary metabolites and volatile organic contents. J Exp Bot 60:2139–2154Ortiz-Serrano P, Gil JV (2010) Quantitative comparison of free and bound volatiles of two commercial tomato cultivars (Solanum lycopersicum L.) during ripening. J Agric Food Chem 58:1106–1114Boukobza F, Taylor AJ (2002) Effect of postharvest treatment on flavour volatiles of tomatoes. Postharvest Biol Technol 25:321–331Vrebalov J, Ruezinsky D, Padmanabhan V, White R, Medrano D, Drake R, Schuch W, Giovannoni J (2002) A MADS-box gene necessary for fruit ripening at the tomato ripening-inhibitor (rin) locus. Science 296:343–346Giovannoni JJ, Tanksley SD, Vrebalov J, Noensie E (2004) NOR gene for use in manipulation of fruit quality and ethylene response. US Patent No 5,234,834 issued 13 July 2004McGlasson WB, Last JH, Shaw KJ, Meldrum SK (1987) Influence of the non-ripening mutants rin and nor on the aroma of tomato fruit. HortScience 22:632–634Baldwin EA, Scott JW, Shewmaker CK, Schuch W (2000) Flavor trivia and tomato aroma: biochemistry and possible mechanisms for control of important aroma components. HortScience 35:1013–1022Kovács K, Rupert CF, Tikunov Y, Graham N, Bradley G, Seymour GB, Bovy AG, Grierson D (2009) Effect of pleiotropic ripening mutations on flavour volatile biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 70:1003–1008Gao HY, Zhu BZ, Zhu HL, Zhang YL, Xie YH, Li YC, Luo YB (2007) Effect of suppression of ethylene biosynthesis on flavour products in tomato fruits. Russ J Plant Physiol 54:80–88Lewinsohn E, Sitrit Y, Bar E, Azulay Y, Meir A, Zamir D, Tadmor Y (2005) Carotenoid pigmentation affects the volatile composition of tomato and watermelon fruits, as revealed by comparative genetic analyses. J Agric Food Chem 53:3142–3148Kopeliovitch E, Mizrahi Y, Rabinowitch D, Kedar N (1980) Physiology of the mutant alcobaca. Physiol Plant 48:307–311Casals J, Pacual L, Cañizares J, Cebolla-Cornejo J, Casañas F, Nuez F (2011) Genetic basis of long shelf life and variability into Penjar tomato. Genet Resour Crop Evol. doi: 10.1007/s10722-011-9677-6Kuzyomenskii AV (2007) Effect of cumulative polymery of tomato keeping life genes. Cytol Genet 41:268–275Paran I, van der Knaap E (2007) Genetic and molecular regulation of fruit and plant domestication traits in tomato and pepper. J Exp Bot 58:3841–3852Moretti CL, Baldwin EA, Sargent SA, Huber DJ (2002) Internal bruising alters aroma volatile profiles in tomato fruit tisúes. HortScience 37:378–382Buttery RG, Teranishi R, Ling LC (1987) Fresh tomato aroma volatiles: a qualitative study. J Agric Food Chem 35:540–544Romero del Castillo R, Valero J, Casañas F, Costell E (2008) Training validation and maintenance of a panel to evaluate the texture of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J Sens Stud 23:303–319Beltran J, Serrano E, López FJ, Peruga A, Valcárcel M, Roselló S (2006) Comparison of two quantitative GC-MS methods for analysis of tomato aroma based on purge-and-trap and on solid-phase microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 385:1255–1264Martens H, Naes T (1989) Multivariate Calibration. Wiley, New YorkWise BM, Gallagher NB, Bro R, Shaver JM, Windig W, Koch RS (2006) Chemometrics tutorial for PLS_Toolbox and Solo. Eigenvector Research, WenatcheeHongsoongnern P, Chambers E (2008) A lexicon for texture and flavor characteristics of fresh and processed tomatoes. J Sens Stud 23:583–599Norgaard L, Saudland A, Wagner J, Nielsen JP, Munck L, Engelsen SB (2000) Interval partial least-squares regression (iPLS): A comparative chemometric study with an example from near-infrared spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 54:413–419Javanmardi J, Kubota C (2006) Variation of lycopene, antioxidant activity, total soluble solids and weight loss of tomato during postharvest storage. Postharvest Biol Technol 41:151–155Kader AA (1986) Effects of postharvest handling procedures on tomato quality. Acta Hort 190:209–222Maul F, Sargent SA, Sims CA, Baldwin EA, Balaban MO, Huber DJ (2000) Tomato flavor and aroma quality as affected by storage temperature. J Food Sci 65:1228–1237Krumbein A, Auerswald H (1998) Characterization of aroma volatiles in tomatoes by sensory analyses. Nahrung 6:S395–S399Tandon KS, Baldwin EA, Shewfelt RL (2000) Aroma perception of individual volatile compounds in fresh tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as affected by the medium of evaluation. Postharvest Biol Technol 20:261–268Cebolla-Cornejo J, Roselló S, Valcárcel M, Serrano E, Beltran J, Nuez F (2011) Evaluation of genotype and environment effects on taste and aroma flavour components of Spanish fresh tomato varieties. J Agric Food Chem 59:2440–2450Carbonell-Barrachina AA, Agustí A, Ruiz JJ (2006) Analysis of flavor volatile compounds by dynamic headspace in traditional and hybrid cultivars of Spanish tomatoes. Eur Food Res Technol 222:536–542Alonso A, Vázquez-Araújo L, García-Martínez S, Ruiz JJ, Carbonell Barrachina AA (2009) Volatile compounds of traditional and virus-resistant breeding lines of Muchamiel tomatoes. Eur Food Res Technol 230:315–323Liggett E, Drake MA, Delwiche JF (2008) Impact of flavor attributes on consumer liking of Swiss cheese. J Dairy Sci 91:466–476Ortiz-Serrano P, Gil JV (2007) Quantitation of free and glycosidically bound volatiles in and effect of glycosidase addition on three tomato varieties (Solanum lycopersicum L.). J Agric Food Chem 55:9170–9176Xu Y, Barringer S (2010) Comparison of tomatillo and tomato volatile compounds in the headspace by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). J Food Sci 75:C268–C273Berna AZ, Lammertyn J, Saevels S, Di Natale C, Nicolai BM (2004) Electronic nose systems to study shelf life and cultivar effect on tomato aroma profile. Sens Actuators B Chem 97:324–333Baldwin EA, Scott JW, Einstein MA, Malundo TMM, Carr BT, Shewfelt RL, Tandon KS (1998) Relationship between sensory and instrumental analysis for tomato flavor. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 12:906–915Krumbein A, Peters P, Brückner B (2004) Flavour compounds and a quantitative descriptive analysis of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) of different cultivars in short-term storage. Postharvest Biol Technol 32:15–2