Finite size effects on the galaxy number counts: evidence for fractal behavior up to the deepest scale

We introduce and study two new concepts which are essential for the quantitative analysis of the statistical quality of the available galaxy samples. These are the dilution effect and the small scale fluctuations. We show that the various data that are considered as pointing to a homogenous distribution are all affected by these spurious effects and their interpretation should be completely changed. In particular, we show that finite size effects strongly affect the determination of the galaxy number counts, namely the number versus magnitude relation ($N(<m)$) as computed from the origin. When one computes $N(<m)$ averaged over all the points of a redshift survey one observes an exponent $\alpha = D/5 \approx 0.4$ compatible with the fractal dimension $D \approx 2$ derived from the full correlation analysis. Instead the observation of an exponent $\alpha \approx 0.6$ at relatively small scales, where the distribution is certainly not homogeneous, is shown to be related to finite size effects. We conclude therefore that the observed counts correspond to a fractal distribution with dimension $D \approx 2$ in the entire range 12 \ltapprox m \ltapprox 28, that is to say the largest scales ever probed for luminous matter. In addition our results permit to clarify various problems of the angular catalogs, and to show their compatibility with the fractal behavior. We consider also the distribution of Radio-galaxies, Quasars and $\gamma$ ray burst, and we show their compatibility with a fractal structure with $D \approx 1.6 \div 1.8$. Finally we have established a quantitative criterion that allows us to define and {\em predict} the statistical validity of a galaxy catalog (angular or three dimensional).Comment: 42 Latex pages. Figures and macro are avaialable under request at [email protected]

Disulfide-activated protein kinase G I alpha regulates cardiac diastolic relaxation and fine-tunes the Frank-Starling response

British Heart Foundation, European Research Council (ERC Advanced award), Medical Research Council and the Department of Health via the NIHR cBRC award to Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust. Part supported by the NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre

Recent breast cancer trends among Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and African-American women in the US: changes by tumor subtype

Abstract available at publisher's website

Molecular basis of targeted therapy in T/NKcell lymphoma/leukemia: A comprehensive genomic and immunohistochemical analysis of a panel of 33 cell lines

T and NK-cell lymphoma is a collection of aggressive disorders with unfavorable outcome, in which targeted treatments are still at a preliminary phase. To gain deeper insights into the deregulated mechanisms promoting this disease, we searched a panel of 31 representative T-cell and 2 NK-cell lymphoma/leukemia cell lines for predictive markers of response to targeted therapy. To this end, targeted sequencing was performed alongside the expression of specific biomarkers corresponding to potentially activated survival pathways. The study identified TP53, NOTCH1 and DNMT3A as the most frequently mutated genes. We also found common alterations in JAK/STAT and epigenetic pathways. Immunohistochemical analysis showed nuclear accumulation of MYC (in 85% of the cases), NFKB (62%), p-STAT (44%) and p-MAPK (30%). This panel of cell lines captures the complexity of T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative processes samples, with the partial exception of AITL cases. Integrated mutational and immunohistochemical analysis shows that mutational changes cannot fully explain the activation of key survival pathways and the resulting phenotypes. The combined integration of mutational/expression changes forms a useful tool with which new compounds may be assayed

RPE and Stem Cell Therapy

acceptedVersionPeer reviewe