O TRABALHO COLETIVO COMO RESISTÊNCIA EM UMA COMUNIDADE NO QUILOMBO JAMBUAÇU, MOJU, PARÁ

This article aims to analyze collective work for economic purposes as a form of resistance against a large project in the Amazon region in the São Manoel quilombola community. Thus, the question is: how the management and implementation of agroforestry systems are evidenced as collective action in São Manuel? The research approach was quantitative and qualitative, with primary and secondary sources. The results show the history of activities that caused damage to the community and forms of resistance against the advances of a large company. Collective action was fundamental to the success of the agroforestry systems, being the strength of the community essential to generate income, giving new meaning to the territory and its occupation.Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el trabajo colectivo con fines económicos como una forma de resistencia contra una gran empresa en la región amazónica de la comunidad quilombola São Manoel. Entonces, la pregunta es: ¿cómo se evidencia el manejo e implementación de sistemas agroforestales como acción colectiva en São Manuel? El enfoque de investigación fue cuantitativo y cualitativo, con fuentes primarias y secundarias. Los resultados muestran el historial de actividades que causaron daños a la comunidad y formas de resistencia frente a los avances de una gran empresa. La acción colectiva fue fundamental para el éxito de los sistemas agroforestales, siendo la fuerza de la comunidad fundamental para generar ingresos, dando un nuevo significado al territorio y su ocupación.Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o trabalho coletivo para fins econômicos como uma forma de resistência frente a um grande empreendimento da região amazônica na comunidade quilombola São Manoel. Assim, questiona-se: como o manejo e a implantação de sistemas agroflorestais se evidenciam como ação coletiva em São Manuel? A abordagem de pesquisa foi quantitativa e qualitativa, com fontes primárias e secundárias. Os resultados mostram o histórico das atividades que causaram danos a comunidade e as formas de resistência frente aos avanços de uma grande empresa. A ação coletiva foi fundamental para o sucesso dos sistemas agroflorestais, sendo a força da comunidade essencial para gerar renda, ressignificando o território e sua ocupação

Agroforestry systems as a strategy for collective action in a quilombola community in the eastern Amazon of Pará

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a relação entre ação coletiva e sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) para a ocupação produtiva da terra. A pesquisa foi realizada na comunidade São Manoel no Território quilombola Jambuaçu, Moju, Amazônia paraense. A metodologia constou de entrevistas semiestruturadas e de observações com todos os 15 agricultores que possuem SAFs. Os principais resultados mostram que os SAFs foram implantados com a ação coletiva em mutirão na floresta secundária. Um diferencial importante foi a escolha de árvores de interesse que permanecerão na área para o sombreamento das mudas de frutíferas perenes (cacau e cupuaçu). A experiência iniciou com apenas 04 agricultores em 2015 e já contava com 15 em 2019. As explicações para implantar SAFs são: i) a melhoria econômica pela diversificação de produtos fora da época de colheita do açaí nativo, principal fonte de renda da comunidade; ii) a consolidação de plantios para herança dos descendentes; e iii) o desejo de mudança da estratégia de produção agrícola tradicional por meio de uma conservação produtiva. A conclusão geral é que a ação coletiva para suprir o volume de trabalho e o permanente clima de incentivo foram fundamentais para a existência dos SAFs individuais.The purpose of this article is to analyze the relationship between collective action and agroforestry systems (AFS) for the productive occupation of land. The research was carried out in the São Manoel community in the Quilombola Territory of Jambuaçu, Moju, in the Amazon region of Pará. The methodology consisted of semi-structured interviews and observations with all 15 farmers who have AFS. The main results show that the AFS were implemented with collective action in collective effort in the secondary forest. An important differential was the choice of trees of interest that will remain in the area for the shading of perennial fruit trees seedlings (cocoa and cupuaçu). The experiment started with only 04 farmers in 2015 and already had 15 in 2019. The explanations for implementing AFS are: i) economic improvement through the diversification of products outside the harvest period of the native açaí, the main source of income for the community; ii) the consolidation of plantations for inheritance by the descendants; and iii) the desire to change the traditional agricultural production strategy through productive conservation. The general conclusion is that the collective action to supply the volume of work and the permanent climate of incentives were fundamental for the existence of individual AFS

Failure analysis method for enhancing circularity through systems perspective

Recently, a circular economy has attracted global attention as an approach for addressing material security and resource-efficiency issues. As our societies shift toward a circular economy, manufacturers need to not only produce environmentally conscious products but to also realize reliable systems that will ensure the closure of the loops of the products, components, and materials. To do so, early-stage design is crucial to effectively and efficiently detect possible failures and then take adequate countermeasures against them. Although a few methods of failure analysis have been proposed to address environmental issues, these methods have failed to consider the cause–effect relationships among failures. This will hinder manufacturers from identifying core problems that should be addressed in a given system. Therefore, this study extends failure mode and effect analysis, which is an engineering technique used to address potential failures, by addressing the entire system reliability in relation to circularity. As a result of a case study of a manufacturer aiming to increase circularity with their products on the market, we revealed that the proposed method is useful in the early stage of design to (a) identify failure modes where effects are largely given to or received from other failures, (b) develop countermeasures effectively by addressing root causes of failures, and (c) find an opportunity to collaborate with external actors

The Interleukin-6 inflammation pathway from cholesterol to aging – Role of statins, bisphosphonates and plant polyphenols in aging and age-related diseases

We describe the inflammation pathway from Cholesterol to Aging. Interleukin 6 mediated inflammation is implicated in age-related disorders including Atherosclerosis, Peripheral Vascular Disease, Coronary Artery Disease, Osteoporosis, Type 2 Diabetes, Dementia and Alzheimer's disease and some forms of Arthritis and Cancer. Statins and Bisphosphonates inhibit Interleukin 6 mediated inflammation indirectly through regulation of endogenous cholesterol synthesis and isoprenoid depletion. Polyphenolic compounds found in plants, fruits and vegetables inhibit Interleukin 6 mediated inflammation by direct inhibition of the signal transduction pathway. Therapeutic targets for the control of all the above diseases should include inhibition of Interleukin-6 mediated inflammation

Prenatal exposures and exposomics of asthma

This review examines the causal investigation of preclinical development of childhood asthma using exposomic tools. We examine the current state of knowledge regarding early-life exposure to non-biogenic indoor air pollution and the developmental modulation of the immune system. We examine how metabolomics technologies could aid not only in the biomarker identification of a particular asthma phenotype, but also the mechanisms underlying the immunopathologic process. Within such a framework, we propose alternate components of exposomic investigation of asthma in which, the exposome represents a reiterative investigative process of targeted biomarker identification, validation through computational systems biology and physical sampling of environmental medi

VERY HIGH ENERGY γ-RAYS from the UNIVERSE'S MIDDLE AGE: DETECTION of the z = 0.940 BLAZAR PKS 1441+25 with MAGIC

The flat-spectrum radio quasar PKS 1441+25 at a redshift of z = 0.940 is detected between 40 and 250 GeV with a significance of 25.5σ using the MAGIC telescopes. Together with the gravitationally lensed blazar QSO B0218+357 (z = 0.944), PKS 1441+25 is the most distant very high energy (VHE) blazar detected to date. The observations were triggered by an outburst in 2015 April seen at GeV energies with the Large Area Telescope on board Fermi. Multi-wavelength observations suggest a subdivision of the high state into two distinct flux states. In the band covered by MAGIC, the variability timescale is estimated to be 6.4 ±1.9 days. Modeling the broadband spectral energy distribution with an external Compton model, the location of the emitting region is understood as originating in the jet outside the broad-line region (BLR) during the period of high activity, while being partially within the BLR during the period of low (typical) activity. The observed VHE spectrum during the highest activity is used to probe the extragalactic background light at an unprecedented distance scale for ground-based gamma-ray astronomy

The variability patterns of the TeV blazar PG 1553 + 113 from a decade of MAGIC and multiband observations

PG 1553 + 113 is one of the few blazars with a convincing quasi-periodic emission in the gamma-ray band. The source is also a very high energy (VHE; >100 GeV) gamma-ray emitter. To better understand its properties and identify the underlying physical processes driving its variability, the MAGIC Collaboration initiated a multiyear, multiwavelength monitoring campaign in 2015 involving the OVRO 40-m and Medicina radio telescopes, REM, KVA, and the MAGIC telescopes, Swift and Fermi satellites, and the WEBT network. The analysis presented in this paper uses data until 2017 and focuses on the characterization of the variability. The gamma-ray data show a (hint of a) periodic signal compatible with literature, but the X-ray and VHE gamma-ray data do not show statistical evidence for a periodic signal. In other bands, the data are compatible with the gamma-ray period, but with a relatively high p-value. The complex connection between the low- and high-energy emission and the non-monochromatic modulation and changes in flux suggests that a simple one-zone model is unable to explain all the variability. Instead, a model including a periodic component along with multiple emission zones is required

Multimessenger Characterization of Markarian 501 during Historically Low X-Ray and γ-Ray Activity

We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using multiwavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others, MAGIC, Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT), NuSTAR, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. Mrk 501 showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant flux variations are detected at all wave bands, with the highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE) 3-rays. A significant correlation (>3σ) between X-rays and VHE 3-rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low activity. This is further supported when we extend our data from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time, significant correlations between the Swift X-Ray Telescope and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between high-energy 3-rays and radio, with the radio lagging by more than 100 days, placing the 3-ray emission zone upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet. Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in X-rays and VHE 3-rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a stable VHE flux (>0.2 TeV) of 5% the emission of the Crab Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of this 2 yr long low state, the potential baseline emission of Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models, and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of the SED toward the low state, revealing that the stable baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and the variable emission to an additional expanding or traveling shock. © 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society

Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk 501 during historically low X-ray and γ\gamma-ray activity

We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using multi-wavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others, MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and OVRO. Mrk 501 showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant flux variations are detected at all wavebands, with the highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE) $\gamma$-rays. A significant correlation ($>$3$\sigma$) between X-rays and VHE $\gamma$-rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low activity. This is further supported when we extend our data from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time, significant correlations between Swift-XRT and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between high-energy $\gamma$-rays and radio, with the radio lagging by more than 100 days, placing the $\gamma$-ray emission zone upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet. Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in X-rays and VHE $\gamma$-rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a stable VHE flux ($>$0.2 TeV) of 5% the emission of the Crab Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of this 2-year-long low-state, the potential baseline emission of Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models, and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of the SED towards the low-state, revealing that the stable baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and the variable emission to an additional expanding or traveling shock.Comment: 56 pages, 30 figures, 14 tables, submitted. Corresponding authors are L. Heckmann, D. Paneque, S. Gasparyan, M. Cerruti, and N. Sahakya