5,162 research outputs found
Jet array impingement flow distributions and heat transfer characteristics: Effects of initial crossflow and nonuniform array geometry
Flow distributions and heat transfer characteristics for two-dimensional arrays of circular air jets impinging on a surface parallel to the jet orifice plate were determined. The configurations considered were intended to model those of interest in current and contemplated gas turbine airfoil midchord cooling applications. The geometry of the airfoil applications considered dictates that all of the jet flow, after impingement, exit in the chordwise (i.e., streamwise) direction toward the trailing edge. Experimental results for the effect of an initial crossflow on both flow distributions and heat transfer characteristics for a number of the prior uniform array geometries. The effects of nonuniform array geometries on flow distributions and heat transfer characteristics for noninitial crossflow configurations are discussed
A spatially explicit and quantitative vulnerability assessment of ecosystem service change in Europe
Environmental change alters ecosystem functioning and may put the provision of services to human at risk. This paper presents a spatially explicit and quantitative assessment of the corresponding vulnerability for Europe, using a new framework designed to answer multidisciplinary policy relevant questions about the vulnerability of the human-environment system to global change. Scenarios were constructed for a range of possible changes in socio-economic trends, land uses and climate. These scenarios were used as inputs in a range of ecosystem models in order to assess the response of ecosystem function as well as the changes in the services they provide. The framework was used to relate the impacts of changing ecosystem service provision for four sectors in relation to each other, and to combine them with a simple, but generic index for societal adaptive capacity. By allowing analysis of different sectors, regions and development pathways, the vulnerability assessment provides a basis for discussion between stakeholders and policymakers about sustainable management of Europe¿s natural resource
Jet array impingement with crossflow-correlation of streamwise resolved flow and heat transfer distributions
Correlations for heat transfer coefficients for jets of circular offices and impinging on a surface parallel to the jet orifice plate are presented. The air, following impingement, is constrained to exit in a single direction along the channel formed by the jet orifice plate and the heat transfer (impingement) surface. The downstream jets are subjected to a crossflow originating from the upstream jets. Impingement surface heat transfer coefficients resolved to one streamwise jet orifice spacing, averaged across the channel span, are correlated with the associated individual spanwise orifice row jet and crossflow velocities, and with the geometric parameters
Multiple jet impingement heat transfer characteristic: Experimental investigation of in-line and staggered arrays with crossflow
Heat transfer characteristics were obtained for configurations designed to model the impingement cooled midchord region of air cooled gas turbine airfoils. The configurations tested were inline and staggered two-dimensional arrays of circular jets with ten spanwise rows of holes. The cooling air was constrained to exit in the chordwise direction along the channel formed by the jet orifice plate and the heat transfer surface. Tests were run for chordwise jet hole spacings of five, ten, and fifteen hole diameters; spanwise spacings of four, six, and eight diameters; and channel heights of one, two, three, and six diameters. Mean jet Reynolds numbers ranged from 5000 to 50,000. The thermal boundary condition at the heat transfer test surface was isothermal. Tests were run for sets of geometrically similar configurations of different sizes. Mean and chordwise resolved Nusselt numbers were determined utilizing a specially constructed test surface which was segmented in the chordwise direction
Is Small Perfect? Size Limit to Defect Formation in Pyramidal Pt Nanocontacts
We report high resolution transmission electron microscopy and ab initio
calculation results for the defect formation in Pt nanocontacts (NCs). Our
results show that there is a size limit to the existence of twins (extended
structural defects). Defects are always present but blocked away from the tip
axes. The twins may act as scattering plane, influencing contact electron
transmission for Pt NC at room temperature and Ag/Au NC at low temperature.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Jet array impingement flow distributions and heat transfer characteristics. Effects of initial crossflow and nonuniform array geometry
Two-dimensional arrays of circular air jets impinging on a heat transfer surface parallel to the jet orifice plate are considered. The jet flow, after impingement, is constrained to exit in a single direction along the channel formed by the jet orifice plate and the heat transfer surface. The configurations considered are intended to model those of interest in current and contemplated gas turbine airfoil midchord cooling applications. The effects of an initial crossflow which approaches the array through an upstream extension of the channel are considered. Flow distributions as well as heat transfer coefficients and adiabatic wall temperatures resolved to one streamwise hole spacing were measured as a function of the initial crossflow rate and temperature relative to the jet flow rate and temperature. Both Nusselt number profiles and dimensionless adiabatic wall temperature (effectiveness) profiles are presented and discussed. Special test results which show a significant reduction of jet orifice discharge coefficients owing to the effect of a confined crossflow are also presented, along with a flow distribution model which incorporates those effects. A nonuniform array flow distribution model is developed and validated
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Device Physics of Nanoscale Interdigitated Solar Cells (Poster)
Nanoscale interdigitated solar cell device architectures are being investigated for organic and inorganic solar cell devices. Due to the inherent complexity of these device designs quantitative modeling is needed to understand the device physics. Theoretical concepts have been proposed that nanodomains of different phases may form in polycrystalline CIGS solar cells. These theories propose that the nanodomains may form complex 3D intertwined p-n networks that enhance device performance.Recent experimental evidence offers some support for the existence of nanodomains in CIGS thin films. This study utilizes CIGS solar cells to examine general and CIGS-specific concepts in nanoscale interdigitated solar cells
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Device Physics of Nanoscale Interdigitated Solar Cells: Preprint
This paper uses multidimensional device simulation to explore the physics and solar cell performance of interdigitated p-n junctions for material parameters relevant to the postulated conditions
On the Conditions for Neutron-Rich Gamma-Ray Burst Outflows
We calculate the structure and neutron content of neutrino-heated MHD winds
driven from the surface of newly-formed magnetars (``proto-magnetars'') and
from the midplane of hyper-accreting disks, two of the possible central engines
for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and hyper-energetic supernovae (SNe). Both the
surface of proto-magnetars and the midplane of neutrino-cooled accretion flows
(NDAFs) are electron degenerate and neutron-rich (neutron-to-proton ratio n/p
>> 1). If this substantial free neutron excess is preserved to large radii in
ultra-relativistic outflows, several important observational consequences may
result. Weak interaction processes, however, can drive n/p to ~1 in the
nondegenerate regions that obtain just above the surfaces of NDAFs and
proto-magnetars. Our calculations show that mildly relativistic neutron-rich
outflows from NDAFs are possible in the presence of a strong poloidal magnetic
field. However, we find that neutron-rich winds possess a minimum mass-loss
rate that likely precludes simultaneously neutron-rich and ultra-relativistic
(Lorentz factor > 100) NDAF winds accompanying a substantial accretion power.
In contrast, proto-magnetars are capable of producing neutron-rich
long-duration GRB outflows ~10-30 seconds following core bounce for
sub-millisecond rotation periods; such outflows would, however, accompany only
extremely energetic events, in which the GRB + SN energy budget exceeds ~ 4e52
ergs. Neutron-rich highly relativistic outflows may also be produced during
some short-duration GRBs by geometrically thick accretion disks formed from
compact object mergers. The implications for r-process nucleosynthesis, optical
transients due to non-relativistic neutron-rich winds, and Nickel production in
proto-magnetar and NDAF winds are also briefly discussed.Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Ap
Electromagnetic transients and gravitational waves from white dwarf disruptions by stellar black holes in triple systems
Mergers of binaries comprised of compact objects can give rise to explosive
transient events, heralding the birth of exotic objects which cannot be formed
through single star evolution. Using a large number of direct N-body
simulations, we explore the possibility that a white dwarf (WD) is dynamically
driven to tidal disruption by a stellar-mass black hole (BH) as a consequence
of the joint effects of gravitational wave (GW) emission and Lidov-Kozai
oscillations imposed by the tidal field of a outer tertiary companion orbiting
the inner BH-WD binary. We explore the sensitivity of our results to the
distributions of natal kick velocities imparted to the BH and WD upon
formation, adiabatic mass loss, semi-major axes and eccentricities of the
triples, and stellar mass ratios. We find rates of WD-TDEs in the range
Gpc yr for , rarer than
stellar TDEs in triples by a factor of --. The uncertainty in the
TDE rates may be greatly reduced in the future using gravitational wave (GW)
observations of Galactic binaries and triples with LISA. WD-TDEs may give rise
to high energy X-ray or gamma-ray transients of duration similar to long
gamma-ray bursts but lacking the signatures of a core-collapse supernova, while
being accompanied by a supernova-like optical transient which lasts for only
days. WD--BH and WD--NS binaries will also emit GWs in the LISA band before the
TDE. The discovery and identification of triple-induced WD-TDE events by future
time domain surveys and/or GWs could enable the study of the demographics of
BHs in nearby galaxies.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, accepted by MNRA
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