610 research outputs found
Sequence effects in the categorization of tones varying in frequency
In contrast to exemplar and decision-bound categorization models, the memory and contrast models described here do not assume that long-term representations of stimulus magnitudes are available. Instead, stimuli are assumed to be categorized using only their differences from a few recent stimuli. To test this alternative, the authors examined sequential effects in a binary categorization of 10 tones varying in frequency. Stimuli up to 2 trials back in the sequence had a significant effect on the response to the current stimulus. The effects of previous stimuli interacted with one another. A memory and contrast model, according to which only ordinal information about the differences between the current stimulus and recent preceding stimuli is used, best accounted for these dat
10Gbit/s transmission over 700km of standard single mode fibre with a 10cm chirped fibre grating compensator and duobinary transmitter
The advent of erbium-doped fibre amplifiers makes optical fibre transmission in the 1.55µm wavelength window very attractive. However, with the large amounts of standard non-dispersion shifted fibres (NDSF) already installed, high bit rate transmission is restricted by the large dispersion of these fibres at 1.55µm, unless compensating techniques are used. A number of approaches have been put forward to address this issue, such as dispersion compensating fibre, mid-point spectral inversion, dispersion-supported transmission, solitons, and chirped fibre Bragg gratings. Of these, fibre gratings are attractive as they are passive, linear devices, highly dispersive yet compact and relatively easy to fabricate in large numbers. In recent years, progress in the use of fibre grating-based compensation for 10 Gbit/s transmission has been rapid, with distances reported from 160km, 220km, 270km, 400km and most recently to 540 km. In this work, we demonstrate that 10 Gbit/s transmission up to 700 km of NDSF is achievable with a single 10 cm long chirped fibre grating in combination with a reduced bandwidth phase-alternating duobinary transmitter
A new approach to analyzing solar coronal spectra and updated collisional ionization equilibrium calculations. II. Additional ionization rate coefficients
We have reanalyzed SUMER observations of a parcel of coronal gas using new
collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) calculations. These improved CIE
fractional abundances were calculated using state-of-the-art electron-ion
recombination data for K-shell, L-shell, Na-like, and Mg-like ions of all
elements from H through Zn and, additionally, Al- through Ar-like ions of Fe.
They also incorporate the latest recommended electron impact ionization data
for all ions of H through Zn. Improved CIE calculations based on these
recombination and ionization data are presented here. We have also developed a
new systematic method for determining the average emission measure () and
electron temperature () of an isothermal plasma. With our new CIE data and
our new approach for determining average and , we have reanalyzed
SUMER observations of the solar corona. We have compared our results with those
of previous studies and found some significant differences for the derived
and . We have also calculated the enhancement of coronal elemental
abundances compared to their photospheric abundances, using the SUMER
observations themselves to determine the abundance enhancement factor for each
of the emitting elements. Our observationally derived first ionization
potential (FIP) factors are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical model
of Laming (2008).Comment: 147 pages (102 of which are online only tables and figures).
Submitted to ApJ. Version 2 is updated addressing the referee's repor
Absolute identification by relative judgment
In unidimensional absolute identification tasks, participants identify stimuli that vary along a single dimension. Performance is surprisingly poor compared with discrimination of the same stimuli. Existing models assume that identification is achieved using long-term representations of absolute magnitudes. The authors propose an alternative relative judgment model (RJM) in which the elemental perceptual units are representations of the differences between current and previous stimuli. These differences are used, together with the previous feedback, to respond. Without using long-term representations of absolute magnitudes, the RJM accounts for (a) information transmission limits, (b) bowed serial position effects, and (c) sequential effects, where responses are biased toward immediately preceding stimuli but away from more distant stimuli (assimilation and contrast)
Fe XVII X-ray Line Ratios for Accurate Astrophysical Plasma Diagnostics
New laboratory measurements using an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) and an
x-ray microcalorimeter are presented for the n=3 to n=2 Fe XVII emission lines
in the 15 {\AA} to 17 {\AA} range, along with new theoretical predictions for a
variety of electron energy distributions. This work improves upon our earlier
work on these lines by providing measurements at more electron impact energies
(seven values from 846 to 1185 eV), performing an in situ determination of the
x-ray window transmission, taking steps to minimize the ion impurity
concentrations, correcting the electron energies for space charge shifts, and
estimating the residual electron energy uncertainties. The results for the
3C/3D and 3s/3C line ratios are generally in agreement with the closest theory
to within 10%, and in agreement with previous measurements from an independent
group to within 20%. Better consistency between the two experimental groups is
obtained at the lowest electron energies by using theory to interpolate, taking
into account the significantly different electron energy distributions.
Evidence for resonance collision effects in the spectra is discussed.
Renormalized values for the absolute cross sections of the 3C and 3D lines are
obtained by combining previously published results, and shown to be in
agreement with the predictions of converged R-matrix theory. This work
establishes consistency between results from independent laboratories and
improves the reliability of these lines for astrophysical diagnostics. Factors
that should be taken into account for accurate diagnostics are discussed,
including electron energy distribution, polarization, absorption/scattering,
and line blends.Comment: 29 pages, including 7 figure
Determining the Elemental and Isotopic Composition of the preSolar Nebula from Genesis Data Analysis: The Case of Oxygen
We compare element and isotopic fractionations measured in solar wind samples
collected by NASA's Genesis mission with those predicted from models
incorporating both the ponderomotive force in the chromosphere and conservation
of the first adiabatic invariant in the low corona. Generally good agreement is
found, suggesting that these factors are consistent with the process of solar
wind fractionation. Based on bulk wind measurements, we also consider in more
detail the isotopic and elemental abundances of O. We find mild support for an
O abundance in the range 8.75 - 8.83, with a value as low as 8.69 disfavored. A
stronger conclusion must await solar wind regime specific measurements from the
Genesis samples.Comment: 6 pages, accepted by Astrophysical Journal Letter
The Evolution of Plasma Composition during a Solar Flare
We analyze the coronal elemental abundances during a small flare using Hinode/EIS observations. Compared to the preflare elemental abundances, we observed a strong increase in coronal abundance of Ca xiv 193.84 Å, an emission line with low first ionization potential (FIP < 10 eV), as quantified by the ratio Ca/Ar during the flare. This is in contrast to the unchanged abundance ratio observed using Si x 258.38 Å/S x 264.23 Å. We propose two different mechanisms to explain the different composition results. First, the small flare-induced heating could have ionized S, but not the noble gas Ar, so that the flare-driven Alfvén waves brought up Si, S, and Ca in tandem via the ponderomotive force which acts on ions. Second, the location of the flare in strong magnetic fields between two sunspots may suggest fractionation occurred in the low chromosphere, where the background gas is neutral H. In this region, high-FIP S could behave more like a low-FIP than a high-FIP element. The physical interpretations proposed generate new insights into the evolution of plasma abundances in the solar atmosphere during flaring, and suggests that current models must be updated to reflect dynamic rather than just static scenarios
Sequential effects in two-choice reaction time tasks: decomposition and synthesis of mechanisms
Performance on serial tasks is influenced by first- and higher-order sequential effects, respectively due to the immediately previous and earlier trials. As response-to-stimulus interval (RSI) increases, the pattern of reaction times transits from a benefit-only mode, traditionally ascribed to automatic facilitation (AF), to a cost-benefit mode, due to strategic expectancy (SE). To illuminate the sources of such effects, we develop a connectionist network of two mutually-inhibiting neural decision units subject to feedback from previous trials. A study of separate biasing mechanisms shows that residual decision unit activity can lead only to first-order AF, but higher-order AF can result from strategic priming mediated by conflict-monitoring, which we instantiate in two distinct versions. A further mechanism mediates expectation-related biases that grow during RSI toward saturation levels determined by weighted repetition (or alternation) sequence lengths. Equipped with these mechanisms, the network, consistent with known neurophysiology, accounts for several sets of behavioral data over a wide range of RSIs. The results also suggest that practice speeds up all the mechanisms rather than adjusting their relative strengths
On Collisionless Electron-Ion Temperature Equilibration in the Fast Solar Wind
We explore a mechanism, entirely new to the fast solar wind, of electron
heating by lower hybrid waves to explain the shift to higher charge states
observed in various elements in the fast wind at 1 A.U. relative to the
original coronal hole plasma. This process is a variation on that previously
discussed for two temperature accretion flows by Begelman & Chiueh. Lower
hybrid waves are generated by gyrating minor ions (mainly alpha-particles) and
become significant once strong ion cyclotron heating sets in beyond 1.5 R_sun.
In this way the model avoids conflict with SUMER electron temperature
diagnostic measurements between 1 and 1.5 R_sun. The principal requirement for
such a process to work is the existence of density gradients in the fast solar
wind, with scale length of similar order to the proton inertial length. Similar
size structures have previously been inferred by other authors from radio
scintillation observations and considerations of ion cyclotron wave generation
by global resonant MHD waves.Comment: 32 pages including 11 figures, 4 tables, accepted by Ap
The Magnetorotational Instability in Core Collapse Supernova Explosions
We investigate the action of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in the
context of iron-core collapse. Exponential growth of the field on the rotation
time scale by the MRI will dominate the linear growth process of field line
"wrapping" with the same characteristic time. We examine a variety of initial
rotation states, with solid body rotation or a gradient in rotational velocity,
that correspond to models in the literature. A relatively modest value of the
initial rotation, a period of ~ 10 s, will give a very rapidly rotating PNS and
hence strong differential rotation with respect to the infalling matter. We
assume conservation of angular momentum on spherical shells. Results are
discussed for two examples of saturation fields, a fiducial field that
corresponds to Alfven velocity = rotational velocity and a field that
corresponds to the maximum growing mode of the MRI. Modest initial rotation
velocities of the iron core result in sub-Keplerian rotation and a
sub-equipartition magnetic field that nevertheless produce substantial MHD
luminosity and hoop stresses: saturation fields of order 10^{15} - 10^{16} G
develop within 300 msec after bounce with an associated MHD luminosity of about
10^{52} erg/s. Bi-polar flows driven by this MHD power can affect or even cause
the explosions associated with core-collapse supernovae.Comment: 42 pages, including 15 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ. We
have revised to include an improved treatment of the convection, and some
figures have been update
- …