Founding quantum theory on the basis of consciousness

In the present work, quantum theory is founded on the framework of consciousness, in contrast to earlier suggestions that consciousness might be understood starting from quantum theory. The notion of streams of consciousness, usually restricted to conscious beings, is extended to the notion of a Universal/Global stream of conscious flow of ordered events. The streams of conscious events which we experience constitute sub-streams of the Universal stream. Our postulated ontological character of consciousness also consists of an operator which acts on a state of potential consciousness to create or modify the likelihoods for later events to occur and become part of the Universal conscious flow. A generalized process of measurement-perception is introduced, where the operation of consciousness brings into existence, from a state of potentiality, the event in consciousness. This is mathematically represented by (a) an operator acting on the state of potential-consciousness before an actual event arises in consciousness and (b) the reflecting of the result of this operation back onto the state of potential-consciousness for comparison in order for the event to arise in consciousness. Beginning from our postulated ontology that consciousness is primary and from the most elementary conscious contents, such as perception of periodic change and motion, quantum theory follows naturally as the description of the conscious experience.Comment: 41 pages, 3 figures. To be published in Foundations of Physics, Vol 36 (6) (June 2006), published online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-006-9049-

The Raman and infra-red spectra of some solid hydroxides. Part 1. Raman effect data

This article does not have an abstract

The Raman and infra-red spectra of some solid hydroxides. Part II. Correlation with crystal structure

The paper discusses the results reported in Part I in relation to the crystal structures of the substances. From a comparison of the facts with the theoretically expected picture of the spectrum, the salient features exhibited by the spectra have been explained, in addition to identification and assignment of the frequencies wherever feasible. The progressive variations in the hydroxyl shifts exhibited by the different hydroxides and their hydrates are explicable as due to the interactions of the hydroxyls with each other and also with their neighbouring water molecules in the case of the hydrates

The Raman spectra of aragonite, strontianite and witherite

The Raman spectra of the three crystals are recorded using the λ 2536·5 radiation of mercury and eleven new lines of low intensity are reported. These include the appearance in the cases of SrCO3 and BaCO3 of the line corresponding to the Raman-inactive mode of the free-ion, this line being of progressively diminishing intensity in the three cases owing to the structures progressively approaching that of hexagonal symmetry. The similarities and the differences observed in the three spectra are also correlated with the details of the crystal structures

The Raman spectrum of calcite and its interpretation

The paper reports the results of a study of the Raman spectrum of calcite recorded with prolonged exposures. (a) The principal Raman shift of 1086 cm.-1 is accompanied by much weaker satellites whose frequency shifts are 1067, 1072 and 1075 cm.-1 The o ctave of the principal mode is recorded as a sharp line with a frequency shift of 2173 cm.-1 with a diffuse companion of comparable intensity which is a superposition of the octaves of the three satellites. The 1436 cm.-1 Raman shift likewise has satellites at 1399, 1412 and 1418 cm.-1 and its octave is feebly recorded as a sharp line, while the octaves of the satellites are also observed in its vicinity. The origin of the satellite radiations is discussed and it is shown that they represent the superlattice vibration frequencies of the calcite structure which are feebly excited. (b) The appearance of a sharp Raman line with a frequency shift of ± 221 cm.-1 is confirmed and it is shown to arise from a normal mode usually considered as inactive. (c) The two intense Raman shifts of 155 and 282 cm.-1 exhibit a highly unsymmetrical broadening, as also wings of low intensity spread out over the whole range of frequency shifts between -300 cm.-1 to + 600 cm.-1 This spectrum is explicable as arising from a very feeble excitation of the whole group of forty lattice and superlattice frequencies of the calcite structure and their overtones and combinations. (d) Sixteen combinational frequency shifts have been recorded. Seven of them are explained as combinations with the 1086 cm.-1 Raman line and the the nine others as combinations with 875 cm.-1 Some of the observed combinations violate the selection rule

The Raman spectra of crystalline sulphates of Ni and Mn

The paper reports the results of investigations on the Raman spectra of NiSO4·6H2O (tetragonal and monoclinic forms), NiSO4·7H2O (orthorhombic) and MnSO4·4H2O (monoclinic). Using λ 2536·5 resonance radiation of mercury for excitation of the Raman effect, it has been possible to observe a large number of frequency shifts. The spectra exhibit striking differences between themselves and also a few characters of general similarity. These are largely explicable in terms of the crystal symmetry and structure of these substances. In all the cases studied, the internal frequencies of the sulphate ion exhibit multiplicities owing to the lowering of the symmetry of the SO4 ion in the crystalline state and due to the number of ions present in the unit cell

The energy budget in Rayleigh-Benard convection

It is shown using three series of Rayleigh number simulations of varying aspect ratio AR and Prandtl number Pr that the normalized dissipation at the wall, while significantly greater than 1, approaches a constant dependent upon AR and Pr. It is also found that the peak velocity, not the mean square velocity, obeys the experimental scaling of Ra^{0.5}. The scaling of the mean square velocity is closer to Ra^{0.46}, which is shown to be consistent with experimental measurements and the numerical results for the scaling of Nu and the temperature if there are strong correlations between the velocity and temperature.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, new version 13 Mar, 200

Analysis of the shearing instability in nonlinear convection and magnetoconvection

Numerical experiments on two-dimensional convection with or without a vertical magnetic field reveal a bewildering variety of periodic and aperiodic oscillations. Steady rolls can develop a shearing instability, in which rolls turning over in one direction grow at the expense of rolls turning over in the other, resulting in a net shear across the layer. As the temperature difference across the fluid is increased, two-dimensional pulsating waves occur, in which the direction of shear alternates. We analyse the nonlinear dynamics of this behaviour by first constructing appropriate low-order sets of ordinary differential equations, which show the same behaviour, and then analysing the global bifurcations that lead to these oscillations by constructing one-dimensional return maps. We compare the behaviour of the partial differential equations, the models and the maps in systematic two-parameter studies of both the magnetic and the non-magnetic cases, emphasising how the symmetries of periodic solutions change as a result of global bifurcations. Much of the interesting behaviour is associated with a discontinuous change in the leading direction of a fixed point at a global bifurcation; this change occurs when the magnetic field is introduced

Development of New Ensemble Methods Based on the Performance Skills of Regional Climate Models over South Korea

In this paper, the prediction skills of five ensemble methods for temperature and precipitation are discussed by considering 20 yr of simulation results (from 1989 to 2008) for four regional climate models (RCMs) driven by NCEP-Department of Energy and ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) boundary conditions. The simulation domain is the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) for East Asia. and the number of grid points is 197 x 233 with a 50-km horizontal resolution. Three new performance-based ensemble averaging (PEA) methods are developed in this study using 1) bias, root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) and absolute correlation (PEA_BRC). RMSE and absolute correlation (PEA RAC), and RMSE and original correlation (PEA_ROC). The other two ensemble methods are equal-weighted averaging (EWA) and multivariate linear regression (Mul_Reg). To derive the weighting coefficients and cross validate the prediction skills of the five ensemble methods. the authors considered 15-yr and 5-yr data, respectively, from the 20-yr simulation data. Among the five ensemble methods, the Mul_Reg (EWA) method shows the best (worst) skill during the training period. The PEA_RAC and PEA_ROC methods show skills that are similar to those of Mul_Reg during the training period. However, the skills and stabilities of Mul_Reg were drastically reduced when this method was applied to the prediction period. But, the skills and stabilities of PEA_RAC were only slightly reduced in this case. As a result. PEA RAC shows the best skill, irrespective of the seasons and variables, during the prediction period. This result confirms that the new ensemble method developed in this study. PEA_RAC. can be used for the prediction of regional climate.open7

The structure and optical behaviour of pearls

The paper embodies a study of the structure of the material composing pearls and of the optical effects which they display. The following topics are dealt with: (1) Birefringence, (2) X-ray-diffraction patterns, (3) The reflection-diffraction spectra, (4) The diffusion haloes of reflection and transmission, (5) The whispering-gallery effect, (6) The spectral character of iridescence and the influence of birefringence thereon, (7) The transmission spectra. The most noteworthy result of the investigation is to show that the diffusive properties of nacre play a major role no less important than that of the reflection by its stratifications in the optics of pearls