Surface slopes of Tazewell County, Illinois

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Herschel/HIFI spectroscopy of the intermediate mass protostar NGC7129 FIRS 2

Herschel/HIFI observations of water from the intermediate mass protostar NGC 7129 FIRS 2 provide a powerful diagnostic of the physical conditions in this star formation environment. Six spectral settings, covering four H_2^(16)O and two H_2^(18)O lines, were observed and all but one H_2^(18)O line were detected. The four H_2 ^(16)O lines discussed here share a similar morphology: a narrower, ≈6km s^(−1), component centered slightly redward of the systemic velocity of NGC7129 FIRS 2 and a much broader, ≈25 km s^(−1) component centered blueward and likely associated with powerful outflows. The narrower components are consistent with emission from water arising in the envelope around the intermediate mass protostar, and the abundance of H_2O is constrained to ≈10^(−7) for the outer envelope. Additionally, the presence of a narrow self-absorption component for the lowest energy lines is likely due to self-absorption from colder water in the outer envelope. The broader component, where the H_2O/CO relative abundance is found to be ≈0.2, appears to be tracing the same energetic region that produces strong CO emission at high J

An analysis of security issues in building automation systems

The purpose of Building Automation Systems (BAS) is to centralise the management of a wide range of building services, through the use of integrated protocol and communication media. Through the use of IP-based communication and encapsulated protocols, BAS are increasingly being connected to corporate networks and also being remotely accessed for management purposes, both for convenience and emergency purposes. These protocols, however, were not designed with security as a primary requirement, thus the majority of systems operate with sub-standard or non-existent security implementations, relying on security through obscurity. Research has been undertaken into addressing the shortfalls of security implementations in BAS, however defining the threats against BAS, and detection of these threats is an area that is particularly lacking. This paper presents an overview of the current security measures in BAS, outlining key issues, and methods that can be improved to protect cyber physical systems against the increasing threat of cyber terrorism and hacktivism. Future research aims to further evaluate and improve the detection systems used in BAS through first defining the threats and then applying and evaluating machine learning algorithms for traffic classification and IDS profiling capable of operating on resource constrained BAS

Design and testing of a contra-rotating tidal current turbine

A contra-rotating marine current turbine has a number of attractive features: nearzero reactive torque on the support structure, near-zero swirl in the wake, and high relative inter-rotor rotational speeds. Modified blade element modelling theory has been used to design and predict the characteristics of such a turbine, and a model turbine and test rig have been constructed. Tests in a towing tank demonstrated the feasibility of the concept. Power coefficients were high for such a small model and in excellent agreement with predictions, confirming the accuracy of the computational modelling procedures. High-frequency blade loading data were obtained in the course of the experiments. These show the anticipated dynamic components for a contra-rotating machine. Flow visualization of the wake verified the lack of swirl behind the turbine. A larger machine is presently under construction for sea trials

Przysztosc uniwersytetu: racjonalne przewidywanie, nadzieja na reformy czy wykorzystanie możliwości technicznych?

The author seeks to answer the question: what will the university of the future be like? In the introduction he outlines the assumptions resulting from three different approaches taken in the debate on the university, approaches which in effect give different answers. These approaches are rational prediction, hoped-for reform and technical possibilities. The main theses of the conventional reform of the university result from the rational approach; in turn, the technical possibilities approach indicates growth chances of the university resulting from the application of new technologies and teaching techniques. After a critical analysis of each of these approaches, the author presents the probable direction of changes in the various areas of the university’s activities and answers the questions: what will the future programmes and teaching content be like, how ought these programmes to be carried out by teachers and students and who should be taught, for how long, in what scope and how open should higher studies be in the future.Autor poszukuje odpowiedzi na pytanie, jaki będzie uniwersytet przyszłości. Na wstępie zarysowuje założenia wynikające z trzech różnych podejść występujących w debacie o uniwersytecie, które w efekcie przynoszą inne odpowiedzi. Te podejścia to: racjonalne przewidywanie, nadzieja na reformy oraz wykorzystanie możliwości technicznych. Z ujęcia racjonalnego wynikają podstawowe tezy konwencjonalnej reformy uniwersytetu; ujęcie związane z możliwościami technicznymi ukazuje szanse rozwoju uniwersytetu wynikające z zastosowania nowych technologii i technik kształcenia. Po analizie krytycznej każdego z podejść autor prezentuje prawdopodobny kierunek zmian różnych aspektów funkcjonowania uniwersytetu, a także odpowiada na pytania: jakie będą przyszłe programy i treści kształcenia, w jaki sposób programy te powinny być realizowane przez nauczycieli i studentów, kto ma być kształcony, przez jaki czas, w jakim zakresie oraz jaka ma być w przyszłości dostępność studiów

The origin of organic emission in NGC 2071

Context: The physical origin behind organic emission in embedded low-mass star formation has been fiercely debated in the last two decades. A multitude of scenarios have been proposed, from a hot corino to PDRs on cavity walls to shock excitation. Aims: The aim of this paper is to determine the location and the corresponding physical conditions of the gas responsible for organics emission lines. The outflows around the small protocluster NGC 2071 are an ideal testbed to differentiate between various scenarios. Methods: Using Herschel-HIFI and the SMA, observations of CH3OH, H2CO and CH3CN emission lines over a wide range of excitation energies were obtained. Comparisons to a grid of radiative transfer models provide constraints on the physical conditions. Comparison to H2O line shape is able to trace gas-phase synthesis versus a sputtered origin. Results: Emission of organics originates in three spots: the continuum sources IRS 1 ('B') and IRS 3 ('A') as well as a outflow position ('F'). Densities are above 10$^7$ cm$^{-3}$ and temperatures between 100 to 200 K. CH3OH emission observed with HIFI originates in all three regions and cannot be associated with a single region. Very little organic emission originates outside of these regions. Conclusions: Although the three regions are small (<1,500 AU), gas-phase organics likely originate from sputtering of ices due to outflow activity. The derived high densities (>10$^7$ cm$^{-3}$) are likely a requirement for organic molecules to survive from being destroyed by shock products. The lack of spatially extended emission confirms that organic molecules cannot (re)form through gas-phase synthesis, as opposed to H2O, which shows strong line wing emission. The lack of CH3CN emission at 'F' is evidence for a different history of ice processing due to the absence of a protostar at that location and recent ice mantle evaporation.Comment: 10 Pages, 8 figures, Accepted for Astronomy and Astrophysic

A SCUBA survey of Orion, the low-mass end of the core mass function

We have re-analysed all of the SCUBA archive data of the Orion star-forming regions. We have put together all of the data taken at different times by different groups. Consequently we have constructed the deepest submillimetre maps of these regions ever made. There are four regions that have been mapped: Orion A North & South, and Orion B North & South. We find that two of the regions, Orion A North and Orion B North, have deeper sensitivity and completeness limits, and contain a larger number of sources, so we concentrate on these two. We compare the data with archive data from the Spitzer Space Telescope to determine whether or not a core detected in the submillimetre is pre-stellar in nature. We extract all of the pre-stellar cores from the data and make a histogram of the core masses. This can be compared to the stellar initial mass function (IMF). We find the high-mass core mass function follows a roughly Salpeter-like slope, just like the IMF, as seen in previous work. Our deeper maps allow us to see that the core mass function (CMF) turns over at ~ 1.3 Mo, about a factor of 4 higher than our completeness limit. This turnover has never previously been observed, and is only visible here due to our much deeper maps. It mimics the turnover seen in the stellar IMF at ~ 0.1 Mo. The low-mass side of the CMF is a power-law with an exponent of 0.35 +/- 0.2, which is consistent with the low-mass slope of the young cluster IMF of 0.3 +/- 0.1. This shows that the CMF continues to mimic the shape of the IMF all the way down to the lower completeness limit of these data at ~ 0.3 Mo.Comment: 9 pages, inc. 6 figures (+ Appendix; 1 Table = 6 pages

Cyanobacteria blooms cannot be controlled by effective microorganisms (EM) from mud- or Bokashi-balls

In controlled experiments, the ability of ‘‘Effective Microorganisms (EM, in the form of mudballs or Bokashi-balls)’’ was tested for clearing waters from cyanobacteria. We found suspensions of EM-mudballs up to 1 g l-1 to be ineffective in reducing cyanobacterial growth. In all controls and EM-mudball treatments up to 1 g l-1 the cyanobacterial chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations increased within 4 weeks from&120 to 325–435 lg l-1. When pieces of EM-mudballs (42.5 g) were added to 25-l lake water with cyanobacteria, no decrease of cyanobacteria as compared to untreated controls was observed. In contrast, after 4 weeks cyanobacterial Chl-a concentrations were significantly higher in EM-mudball treatments (52 lg l-1) than in controls (20 lg l-1). Only when suspensions with extremely high EM-mudball concentrations were applied (i.e., 5 and 10 g l-1), exceeding the recommended concentrations by orders of magnitude, cyanobacterial growth was inhibited and a bloom forming concentration was reduced strongly. In these high dosing treatments, the oxygen concentration dropped initially to very low levels of 1.8 g l-1. This was most probably through forcing strong light limitation on the cyanobacteria caused by the high amount of clay and subsequent high turbidity of the water. Hence, this study yields no support for the hypothesis that EM is effective in preventing cyanobacterial proliferation or in terminating blooms. We consider EM products to be ineffective because they neither permanently bind nor remove phosphorus from eutroficated systems, they have no inhibiting effect on cyanobacteria, and they could even be an extra source of nutrients

Molecular line contamination in the SCUBA-2 450 {\mu}m and 850 {\mu}m continuum data

Observations of the dust emission using millimetre/submillimetre bolometer arrays can be contaminated by molecular line flux, such as flux from 12CO. As the brightest molecular line in the submillimetre, it is important to quantify the contribution of CO flux to the dust continuum bands. Conversion factors were used to convert molecular line integrated intensities to flux detected by bolometer arrays in mJy per beam. These factors were calculated for 12CO line integrated intensities to the SCUBA-2 850 {\mu}m and 450 {\mu}m bands. The conversion factors were then applied to HARP 12CO 3-2 maps of NGC 1333 in the Perseus complex and NGC 2071 and NGC 2024 in the Orion B molecular cloud complex to quantify the respective 12CO flux contribution to the 850 {\mu}m dust continuum emission. Sources with high molecular line contamination were analysed in further detail for molecular outflows and heating by nearby stars to determine the cause of the 12CO contribution. The majority of sources had a 12CO 3-2 flux contribution under 20 per cent. However, in regions of molecular outflows, the 12CO can dominate the source dust continuum (up to 79 per cent contamination) with 12CO fluxes reaching \sim 68 mJy per beam.Comment: Accepted 2012 April 19 for publication in MNRAS. 21 pages, 13 figures, 3 table