Income inequality and treatment of African American men with high-risk prostate cancer

Definitive treatment of high-risk prostate cancer with radical prostatectomy or radiation improves survival. We assessed whether racial disparities in the receipt of definitive therapy for prostate cancer vary by regional income. A cohort of 102,486 men (17,594 African American [AA] and 84,892 non-Hispanic white) with localized high-risk prostate cancer (prostate-specific antigen >20ng/ml or Gleason≥8 or stage≥cT2c) diagnosed from 2004 to 2010 was identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Income was measured at the census-tract-level. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess patient and cancer characteristics associated with the receipt of definitive therapy for prostate cancer. Multivariable Fine and Gray competing risks analysis was used to evaluate factors associated with prostate cancer death. Overall, AA men were less likely to receive definitive therapy than white men (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.49–0.54; P<0.001), and there was a significant race/income interaction (Pinteraction = 0.016) such that there was a larger racial treatment disparity in the bottom income quintile (AOR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.45–0.55; P<0.001) than in the top income quintile (AOR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.51–0.71; P<0.001). After a median follow-up of 35 months, AA men in the bottom income quintile suffered the greatest prostate cancer mortality (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.17–1.84; P = 0.001), compared with white men in the top income quintile. Racial disparities in the receipt of definitive therapy for high-risk prostate cancer are greatest in low-income communities, suggesting that interventions to reduce racial disparities should target low-income populations first

Getting back to equal: The influence of insurance status on racial disparities in the treatment of African American men with high-risk prostate cancer

Treating high-risk prostate cancer (CaP) with definitive therapy improves survival. We evaluated whether having health insurance reduces racial disparities in the use of definitive therapy for high-risk CaP. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program was used to identify 70,006 men with localized high-risk CaP (prostate-specific antigen level >20ng/ml or Gleason score 8–10 or stage>cT3a) diagnosed from 2007 to 2010. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze the 64,277 patients with complete data to determine the factors associated with receipt of definitive therapy. Compared with white men, African American (AA) men were significantly less likely to receive definitive treatment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.56–0.64; P<0.001) after adjusting for sociodemographics and known CaP prognostic factors. There was a significant interaction between race and insurance status (Pinteraction = 0.01) such that insurance coverage was associated with a reduction in racial disparity between AA and white patients regarding receipt of definitive therapy. Specifically, the AOR for definitive treatment for AA vs. white was 0.38 (95% CI: 0.27–0.54, P<0.001) among uninsured men, whereas the AOR was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.57–0.66, P<0.001) among insured men. AA men with high-risk CaP were significantly less likely to receive potentially life-saving definitive treatment when compared with white men. Having health insurance was associated with a reduction in this racial treatment disparity, suggesting that expansion of health insurance coverage may help reduce racial disparities in the management of aggressive cancers

Initial experience with electronic tracking of specific tumor sites in men undergoing active surveillance of prostate cancer

OBJECTIVES: Targeted biopsy, using magnetic resonance (MR) – ultrasound (US) fusion, may allow tracking of specific cancer sites in the prostate. We aimed to evaluate initial use of the technique to follow tumor sites in men on active surveillance of prostate cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Fifty-three men with prostate cancer (all T1c) underwent re-biopsy of 74 positive biopsy sites, which were tracked and targeted using the Artemis MR-US fusion device (Eigen, Grass Valley, CA, USA) from March 2010 through January 2013. The initial biopsy included 12 cores from a standard template (mapped by software) and directed biopsies from regions of interest seen on MRI. In the repeat biopsy, samples were taken from sites containing cancer at the initial biopsy. Outcomes of interest at second MR-US biopsy included (a) presence of any cancer and (b) presence of clinically significant cancer. RESULTS: All cancers on initial biopsy were either Gleason score 3+3=6 (N=63) or 3+4=7 (N=11). At initial biopsy, 23 cancers were within an MRI target, and 51 were found on systematic biopsy. Cancer detection rate on repeat biopsy (29/74, 39%) was independent of Gleason score on initial biopsy (p=NS) but directly related to initial cancer core length (CCL) (p<0.02). Repeat sampling of cancerous sites within MRI targets was more likely to show cancer than re-sampling of tumorous systematic sites (61% vs. 29%, p=0.005). When initial CCL was ≥4 mm within an MRI target, over 80% (5/6) of follow-up tracking biopsies were positive. An increase of Gleason score was uncommon (9/74, 12%). CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring of specific prostate cancer-containing sites may be achieved in some men using an electronic tracking system. The chances of finding tumor on repeat specific-site sampling was directly related to the length of tumor in the initial biopsy core and presence of tumor within an MRI target; upgrading of Gleason score was uncommon. Further research is required to evaluate the potential utility of site-specific biopsy tracking for prostate cancer patients on active surveillance