A semi-quantitative method for the estimation of adenosine A1 receptor mRNA levels in rat kidney

Objective: To develop Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method for the estimation of adenosine A1 receptor mRNA levels in rat kidney. Material and Methods: Total cellular RNA was isolated from whole rat kidney by small-scale total RNA preparation protocol and it was reverse transcribed into cDNA. The cDNA was subjected to PCR amplification using gen specific primers. The amplified cDNA was evaluated by gel electrophoresis and the intensity of the bands were visualized and quantitated with a FujiBAS 1000 Phosphorlmager. Then the adenosine A1 receptor mRNA levels were extrapolated from the standard curve. Results: Adenosine A1 receptor mRNA levels in rat kidney were measured as: 1.30 ± 0.17 × 107 copies of adenosine A1 receptor transcript/mg total RNA. Conclusion: The RT-PCR method developed for the estimation of adenosine A1 receptor mRNA levels in rat kidney is sensitive and reliable

The location of photodegradable nitric oxide store in the mouse stomach fundus

PubMedID: 16978603The aim of this study was to investigate the location of photodegradable nitric oxide (NO) store using a pharmacological approach in mouse gastric fundus. The ultraviolet light irradiation (UV; 360 nm, 60 s), electrical field stimulation (EFS; 4 Hz, 25 V, 1 ms, 15s-train), exogenous nitric oxide (NO; 10 µM), nitroglycerin (100 µM) and isoproterenol (5 nM) induced relaxation in mouse gastric fundus preparations in the absence or presence of an intact mucosa. The NO scavenger, haemoglobin (20 µM), significantly inhibited the relaxation of intact and denuded mucosa stomach fundus to UV light irradiation, EFS and NO, but not to nitroglycerin and isoproterenol. The superoxide anion generator, pyrogallol (50 µM), inhibited relaxation of intact and denuded mucosa stomach fundus induced by UV light irradiation, EFS, NO, but not to nitroglycerin and isoproterenol. The inhibition observed with pyrogallol was prevented by exogenous Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD; 100 U/ml), a membrane impermeable antioxidant. The Cu/Zn SOD inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETCA; 8 mM), inhibited the relaxation of intact and denuded mucosa stomach fundus to UV light irradiation, EFS, NO and nitroglycerin but not those to isoproterenol. Exogenous SOD (100 U/ml) partially prevented the inhibitory effect of DETCA on relaxation to UV light irradiation, EFS, NO but not to nitroglycerin. DETCA-induced inhibition of the nitroglycerin-induced relaxation was partially prevented by the cell-permeable polyethylene-glycol-superoxide dismutase (100 U/ml). These results indicate that photodegradable NO store is, at least in part, unlikely to be within smooth muscle cells, and furthermore, that UV light-induced relaxation is not dependent on gastric mucosal layer. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.TF2002BAP104This work was supported by Cukurova University Research Foundation (TF2002BAP104)

Current trends towards the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles and natural Products Using 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions (1,3-DC) with Azomethine Ylides

This review summarizes the trends in the formation of complex or not so complex heterocyclic structures through 1,3-dipolar cy­cloadditions of azomethine ylides. Diastereo- and enantioselective processes as well as non-asymmetric cycloadditions constitute very important synthetic tools for achieving these compounds. This review covers the literature from 2015 through 2016 and organizes the research in terms of biologically important heterocycles and natural products from cascade 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylides to the simpler forms of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.10.1055/s-0036-1588423Peer Reviewe

1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Stabilized Azomethine Ylides and Electrophilic Alkenes Mediated by a Recyclable TSIL·AgOAc Catalyst

The synthesis of a task‐specific ionic liquid (TSIL) based on a BMIM ionic liquid phosphane is achieved by modification of the original procedure. It is used as a ligand with AgOAc, and the resulting complex is fully characterized. This catalytic system promotes the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of stabilized azomethine ylides and electrophilic alkenes using a green methodology. The green character was analyzed using an overall set of parameters finding the optimal conditions and individualized separation/purification methods for each cycloadduct. The determination of the most important green metrics is reported in this survey, demonstrating the value of this methodology on a laboratory scale or even at an industrial level.We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (projects CTQ2013-43446-P, CTQ2016-81893REDT and CTQ2014-51912-REDC) the Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, EU) (projects CTQ2016-76782-P, CTQ2016-80375-P and CTQ2016-81797-REDC), the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/017), and the University of Alicante. D. Lledó thanks the Spanish Ministerio de Educación for the given fellowship FPU15/00097

Intramolecular Cycloaddition Azomethine Ylides and α-(Trifluoromethyl)styrenes as Dipolarophiles

The synthesis of polycyclic fluorinated tertiary amines has been accomplished by means of an intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloaddition with fluorinated dipolarophiles. Thus, tri- and tetracyclic fused pyrrolidines bearing a quaternary trifluoromethyl group were obtained in moderated yields in a stereoselective manner. This is one of the few examples reported in the literature of intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with fluorinated dipolarophiles. Initial attempts of the asymmetric version of the process have been performed, but low levels of diastereoselectivity were achieved