Didactic strategies around reading used in initial teacher training in Spain

RESUMEN: Las estrategias didácticas en torno a la lectura en la formación inicial del profesorado pueden repercutir en las prácticas docentes de los futuros maestros en las aulas de la Educación Primaria. En este artículo se presenta un estudio cualitativo en el que han participado 73 profesores universitarios sobre las estrategias didácticas que siguen al impartir materias relacionadas con la didáctica de la lectura y la literatura en el Grado de Educación Primaria en la universidad española. El análisis de los datos ha permitido identificar numerosas prácticas docentes y organizarlas en torno a tres grandes categorías: estrategias didácticas dirigidas al desarrollo de habilidades académicas, dirigidas a conocer habilidades docentes y dirigidas al desarrollo de prácticas lectoras en los estudiantes. Es posible concluir que los docentes emplean una gran diversidad de métodos y actividades, que resultan complementarios, con un fuerte componente innovador y práctico, que responden a una doble finalidad: favorecer una aproximación afectiva del alumnado de magisterio hacia la lectura y la literatura y dotar a este de las herramientas teórico-prácticas que le ayuden a desarrollar su labor de mediación lectora con éxito.ABSTRACT: Didactic strategies around reading used in initial teacher training in Spain can have an impact on the teaching practices of future teachers in the Primary Education classrooms. This article presents a qualitative study in which 73 university professors have participated on the teaching strategies they follow when teaching subjects related to the teaching of reading and literature in the Primary Education Degree in the Spanish university. The analysis of the data has allowed identifying numerous teaching practices and organize them around three main categories: didactic strategies directed to the development of academic abilities, directed to know teaching abilities and directed to the development of reading practices in the students. It is possible to conclude that teachers employ a great diversity of methods and activities, which are complementary, with a strong innovative and practical component, which serve a dual purpose: to favour an affective approach of teaching students towards reading and literature and provide to this one of the theoretical-practical tools that help him to develop his work of reading mediation successfully

Case study on the training of critical readers using literary Texts in elementary education

Resumen: Se plantea la importancia de desarrollar en los centros escolares estrategias didácticas innovado¬ras que contribuyan a la mejora de la competencia lectora y el hábito lector desde los primeros años. En este marco, se realiza un estudio de caso de un club de lectura escolar orientado a desarrollar el gusto por la lectura y el espíritu crítico del alumnado. Se aplicó una metodología de investigación-acción que permitió categorizar formas de pensamiento crítico en la infancia a partir de las ideas clave expuestas por los niños y niñas pertenecientes al club de lec¬tura. El estudio de caso revela las posibilidades y límites del diálogo reflexivo como método de traba¬jo para garantizar la formación de lectores críticos. La investigación concluye destacando la relevancia de que los centros educativos desarrollen prácticas innovadoras en materia de animación a la lectura: las políticas educativas lo exigen y la realidad de¬muestra que es posible conseguirlo.Abstract: The paper poses the importance of developing innovative didactic strategies in schools that con¬tribute to improve Reading competence and reading habit from an early age. In this context, a case study in a school book club has been done in order to de velop a taste for reading and the critical spirit of the students. A research- action methodology, which allowed categorising forms of critical thinking in children, has been applied stemming from the key ideas put forward by the children belonging to the book club. The case study reveals the possibilities and limits of reflexive dialogue as a work method to ensure the formation of critical readers. The re¬search concludes by highlighting the relevance of educational establishments to develop innovative practices in the field of reading promotion: educa¬tional policies so require and the reality proves that it is possible to achieve it

Reading Clubs in the context of Spanish public libraries. Current situation and future prospects

RESUMEN: Los clubes de lectura son una práctica de dinamización lectora muy desarrollada en los últimos años en diversidad de espacios. En este artículo nos preguntamos por su papel en las bibliotecas públicas en España. Hemos realizado una investigación basada en entrevistas y cuestionarios, con gestores y usuarios de bibliotecas, así como con coordinadores y usuarios de clubes de lectura. Los resultados muestran que dichos clubes se consolidan como una práctica más de animación a la lectura, que gozan de aceptación social y cada día surgen nuevos grupos. En el futuro esta práctica requerirá superar retos, como una mayor difusión y diversificación.ABSTRACT: The book clubs are a practice of reading dynamization highly developed in the past years in diverse areas. In this article, we asked for the role in public libraries in Spain. We have done some research based on questionnaires and interviews with managers and coordinators and library users and users of book clubs. The results show that the book clubs are emerging as a one more practice than encourage reading, getting social acceptance and every day new groups emerge. In the future, this practice will require overcome challenges such a wider dissemination and diversification

Aportaciones de un club de lectura escolar a la lectura por placer

Resumen: Uno de los principales retos en el trabajo de la lectura en los centros educativos es el cultivo de la lectura por placer en los niños. Se presenta un estudio de caso único realizado en un club de lectura escolar en España que ha logrado conseguir este objetivo y ha recibido una valoración muy positiva por parte de los participantes. Las razones de su éxito residen fundamentalmente en cuatro claves: planificación, lectura dialógica, formación crítica y educación en valores.Abstract: Currently one of the main challenges in the work of promoting reading in schools is the cultivation of children’s enjoyment of reading. We present a unique case study in a school reading club in Spain that has managed to achieve that goal and has received a very positive assessment from participants. The reasons for its success mainly reside in four key areas: planning, dialogic reading, critical thinking and values education

Enhancing Writing Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Students with Learning Disabilities Improves their Writing Processes and Products

p. 195-206.La autoeficacia se muestra como uno de los determinantes motivacionales más importantes por lo que parece tener gran influencia sobre el rendimiento académico de los alumnos. Por ello, el presente estudio examina la influencia de la auto-eficacia en los procesos y productos de composición escrita, a través de una intervención específica que entrena las cuatro fuentes de autoeficacia propuestas por Bandura. Método.Un total de 60 alumnos con dificultades de aprendizaje o bajo rendimiento de 5º y 6º de Educación Primaria, se han distribuido en dos grupos: uno experimental(40 alumnos), que ha sido sometido a 10 sesiones de instrucción específica en autoeficacia hacia la escritura, dentro de su contexto escolar; y otro grupo control (20 alumnos) que han recibido el currículum ordinario. Resultados.Los datos muestranuna mejora significativa no sólo de los textos escritos por los alumnos con DA sino también de los procesos que llevan a cabo a la hora de escribir, pero sólo en los alumnos intervenidos Discusión y Conclusión.Se requieren más estudios instruccionales y experimentales para confirmar la naturaleza de la relación proceso-producto en composición escrita, pero parece que están asegurados los beneficios de utilizar un modelo de proceso-producto de la escrituraS

Ex vivo identification and characterization of a population of CD13high CD105+ CD45− mesenchymal stem cells in human bone marrow

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.[Introduction]: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Their multipotential capacity and immunomodulatory properties have led to an increasing interest in their biological properties and therapeutic applications. Currently, the definition of MSCs relies on a combination of phenotypic, morphological and functional characteristics which are typically evaluated upon in vitro expansion, a process that may ultimately lead to modulation of the immunophenotypic, functional and/or genetic features of these cells. Therefore, at present there is great interest in providing markers and phenotypes for direct in vivo and ex vivo identification and isolation of MSCs. [Methods]: Multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotypic studies were performed on 65 bone marrow (BM) samples for characterization of CD13high CD105+ CD45– cells. Isolation and expansion of these cells was performed in a subset of samples in parallel to the expansion of MSCs from mononuclear cells following currently established procedures. The protein expression profile of these cells was further assessed on (paired) primary and in vitro expanded BM MSCs, and their adipogenic, chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential was also determined. [Results]: Our results show that the CD13high CD105+ CD45− immunophenotype defines a minor subset of cells that are systematically present ex vivo in normal/reactive BM (n = 65) and that display immunophenotypic features, plastic adherence ability, and osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation capacities fully compatible with those of MSCs. In addition, we also show that in vitro expansion of these cells modulates their immunophenotypic characteristics, including changes in the expression of markers currently used for the definition of MSCs, such as CD105, CD146 and HLA-DR. [Conclusions]: BM MSCs can be identified ex vivo in normal/reactive BM, based on a robust CD13high CD105+ and CD45− immunophenotypic profile. Furthermore, in vitro expansion of these cells is associated with significant changes in the immunophenotypic profile of MSCs.This work was supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, FEDER, Ministry of Economy and Competitivity, Madrid, Spain (grant PI11/02399; RETICEF RD12/0043/0021; RTICC RD12/0036/0048); Fundación Ramon Areces, Madrid, Spain (grant CIVP16A1806); Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC); Consejería de Sanidad, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL) (grant BIO/SA24/13) and Fundación Samuel Solórzano Barruso (University of Salamanca, Spain); CT was supported by a grant co-financed by the European Social Fund and the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain).Peer Reviewe

Methodology applied in the study of the language development in children with early detection of neonatal hearing loss.

Introducción y objetivo: Dado que el potencial discapacitante que causa la deficiencia auditiva neonatal disminuye con una detección e intervención tempranas, hemos elaborado un proyecto de investigación, con el que nos proponemos conocer el grado de desarrollo del lenguaje de los niños y niñas que procedentes del cribado auditivo universal, han sido diagnosticados/as por nosotros de hipoacusia prelingual en estos últimos 15 años y analizar las variables determinantes y las que son modificables. El objeto de esta comunicación consistirá en presentar la metodología que vamos a utilizar. Método: Partimos de los datos almacenados en nuestro Servicio de ORL, que comprende a 282 niños con hipoacusia. Hemos tenido la oportunidad de crear un grupo de investigación en el que coincidimos especialistas de la audición infantil y del lenguaje, por lo que contamos con medios suficientes para el estudio. Resultados: Describimos los elementos que configuran este proyecto, en relación al equipo de trabajo y a su desarrollo. Tras aplicar unos criterios de exclusión/inclusión, hemos seleccionado a un grupo de 45 niños entre 3 y 15 años, definiendo sus características auditivas. Mediante pruebas específicas, adaptadas a la edad, estudiaremos los diferentes aspectos del lenguaje; y a través de una entrevista estructurada realizada a los padres, intentaremos determinar las variables que influyen en el proceso re-habilitador. Finalmente, los datos serán analizados estadísticamente. Discusión: La variabilidad y la escasa prevalencia de la hipoacusia infantil, dificultan la realización de estudios con población suficiente para obtener resultados estadísticamente significativos. Sin embargo, creemos que el grupo de niños seleccionado y la metodología utilizada nos permitirán conocer mejor las variables influyentes en el desarrollo del lenguaje. Conclusiones: El programa de cribado auditivo universal ha permitido una intervención más precoz, lo que debería mejorar los niveles de lenguaje de los niños detectados/as con hipoacusia. Aunque el desarrollo normalizado de la comunicación depende de otros factores difíciles de determinar, a través del protocolo presentado pretendemos equiparar estos resultados, validando el proceso de cribado/diagnóstico e intervención de nuestro medio.Introduction and objective: Given that the disabling potential causing neonatal hearing impairment decreases with early detection and intervention, we have drawn up a research project, with which we intend to know the degree of development of the language of children and girls than from the universal hearing screening, have been diagnosed for us of prelingual hearing loss in the last 15 years and analyze the determining variables and which are modifiable. The object of this communication will be to present the methodology that we use. Method: We assume the data stored on our ENT service, including 282 children with hearing loss. We have had the opportunity to create a research group in which we agree ENT and language specialists so we have resources sufficient for the study. Results: We describe the elements that make up this project in relation to the team and to its development. After applying inclusion/exclusion criteria, we have selected a group of 45 children between 3 and 15 years, defining their auditory characteristics. Through specific tests, adapted to the age, we will study the different aspects of the language; and through a structured interview parents, we try to determine the variables that influence the rehabilitator process. Finally, the data will be analyzed statistically. Discussion: The variability and the low prevalence of infant hearing loss, make it difficult studies with sufficient population to obtain statistically significant results. However, we believe that the group of children and the methodology selected will allow us to learn more about the influential in the development of the language variables. Conclusions: The hearing screening program allowed us to earlier intervention, which should improve the levels of language of children detected with hearing loss. Although the standard development of communication depends on other factors difficult to determine, through the presented protocol we equate these findings, validating the process of screening/diagnosis and intervention of our environment

Toll-like receptor agonists enhance HIV-specific T cell response mediated by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in diverse HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes

[Background] Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) sense viral and bacterial products through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and -9 and translate this sensing into Interferon-α (IFN-α) production and T-cell activation. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in pDCs stimulation may contribute to HIV-cure immunotherapeutic strategies. The objective of the present study was to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of TLR agonist stimulations in several HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes and in non HIV-1 infected donors.[Methods] pDCs, CD4 and CD8 T-cells were isolated from 450 ml of whole blood from non HIV-1 infected donors, immune responders (IR), immune non responders (INR), viremic (VIR) and elite controller (EC) participants. pDCs were stimulated overnight with AT-2, CpG-A, CpG-C and GS-9620 or no stimuli. After that, pDCs were co-cultured with autologous CD4 or CD8 T-cells and with/without HIV-1 (Gag peptide pool) or SEB (Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B). Cytokine array, gene expression and deep immunophenotyping were assayed.[Findings] pDCs showed an increase of activation markers levels, interferon related genes, HIV-1 restriction factors and cytokines levels after TLR stimulation in the different HIV-disease progression phenotypes. This pDC activation was prominent with CpG-C and GS-9620 and induced an increase of HIV-specific T-cell response even in VIR and INR comparable with EC. This HIV-1 specific T-cell response was associated with the upregulation of HIV-1 restriction factors and IFN-α production by pDC.[Interpretation] These results shed light on the mechanisms associated with TLR-specific pDCs stimulation associated with the induction of a T-cell mediated antiviral response which is essential for HIV-1 eradication strategies.This work was supported by Gilead fellowship program (GLD17-00299), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and co-financed by the European Union, Fondos FEDER, “a way to make Europe” (research contracts CP19/00159 to AGV, FI17/00186 to MRJL, FI19/00083 to CGC, and research projects PI16/01684, PI19/01127 and PI22/01796) and the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en SIDA (RD16/0025/0020 and RD16/0025/0026 to E.R.M.), which is included in the Acción Estratégica en Salud, Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica, 2008 to 2011 and 2013 to 2016, Instituto de Salud Carlos III. ERM was granted by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).Peer reviewe

Genomic Characterization of Host Factors Related to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in People with Dementia and Control Populations: The GR@ACE/DEGESCO Study

Emerging studies have suggested several chromosomal regions as potential host genetic factors involved in the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease outcome. We nested a COVID-19 genome-wide association study using the GR@ACE/DEGESCO study, searching for susceptibility factors associated with COVID-19 disease. To this end, we compared 221 COVID-19 confirmed cases with 17,035 individuals in whom the COVID-19 disease status was unknown. Then, we performed a meta-analysis with the publicly available data from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. Because the APOE locus has been suggested as a potential modifier of COVID-19 disease, we added sensitivity analyses stratifying by dementia status or by disease severity. We confirmed the existence of the 3p21.31 region (LZTFL1, SLC6A20) implicated in the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and TYK2 gene might be involved in COVID-19 severity. Nevertheless, no statistically significant association was observed in the COVID-19 fatal outcome or in the stratified analyses (dementia-only and non-dementia strata) for the APOE locus not supporting its involvement in SARS-CoV-2 pathobiology or COVID-19 prognosis

Diverse Large HIV-1 Non-subtype B Clusters Are Spreading Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Spain

In Western Europe, the HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) is dominated by subtype B. However, recently, other genetic forms have been reported to circulate in this population, as evidenced by their grouping in clusters predominantly comprising European individuals. Here we describe four large HIV-1 non-subtype B clusters spreading among MSM in Spain. Samples were collected in 9 regions. A pol fragment was amplified from plasma RNA or blood-extracted DNA. Phylogenetic analyses were performed via maximum likelihood, including database sequences of the same genetic forms as the identified clusters. Times and locations of the most recent common ancestors (MRCA) of clusters were estimated with a Bayesian method. Five large non-subtype B clusters associated with MSM were identified. The largest one, of F1 subtype, was reported previously. The other four were of CRF02_AG (CRF02_1; n = 115) and subtypes A1 (A1_1; n = 66), F1 (F1_3; n = 36), and C (C_7; n = 17). Most individuals belonging to them had been diagnosed of HIV-1 infection in the last 10 years. Each cluster comprised viruses from 3 to 8 Spanish regions and also comprised or was related to viruses from other countries: CRF02_1 comprised a Japanese subcluster and viruses from 8 other countries from Western Europe, Asia, and South America; A1_1 comprised viruses from Portugal, United Kingom, and United States, and was related to the A1 strain circulating in Greece, Albania and Cyprus; F1_3 was related to viruses from Romania; and C_7 comprised viruses from Portugal and was related to a virus from Mozambique. A subcluster within CRF02_1 was associated with heterosexual transmission. Near full-length genomes of each cluster were of uniform genetic form. Times of MRCAs of CRF02_1, A1_1, F1_3, and C_7 were estimated around 1986, 1989, 2013, and 1983, respectively. MRCA locations for CRF02_1 and A1_1 were uncertain (however initial expansions in Spain in Madrid and Vigo, respectively, were estimated) and were most probable in Bilbao, Spain, for F1_3 and Portugal for C_7. These results show that the HIV-1 epidemic among MSM in Spain is becoming increasingly diverse through the expansion of diverse non-subtype B clusters, comprising or related to viruses circulating in other countries