Caracterización molecular del metabolismo del alantoato en judía (Phaseolus Vulgaris)

En plantas, la degradación del alantoato es un paso indispensable para el reciclaje de las bases nitrogenadas. Además, en las leguminosas tropicales, como judía y soja, los ureidos alantoína y alantoato son las formas mayoritarias de transporte del nitrógeno fijado y su acumulación se ha relacionado con la inhibición de la fijación de nitrógeno en condiciones de sequía. En este trabajo se ha identificado y caracterizado una alantoato amidohidrolasa (PvAAH) en judía. Los resultados obtenidos tras bloquear mediante RNAi la expresión de esta proteína sugieren que la AAH es la enzima responsable de la degradación del alantoato en judía. El análisis del metabolismo del alantoato en plantas de judía mostró un incremento en el contenido de ureidos en las partes aéreas de la planta durante la etapa reproductiva del desarrollo, tanto en plantas noduladas como en plantas sin nódulos, así como en plantas sometidas a oscuridad. Este incremento de ureidos se correlacionó con el aumento de la actividad alantoinasa en los tallos, regulada a nivel transcripcional, y con el descenso de la actividad PvAAH en las hojas. Además, en ambas situaciones, el aumento en los niveles de ureidos se acompañó con un incremento en los niveles de glucosa y almidón en las hojas. Asimismo, se observó un descenso en la actividad PvAAH en hojas de plantas sometidas a déficit hídrico y un aumento en la expresión del gen PvAAH en respuesta a diferentes hormonas relacionadas con la respuesta a estrés.Allantoate degradation is an essential step for recycling purine-ring nitrogen in all plants. Furthermore, in tropical legumes, as common bean and soybean, the ureides allantoin and allantoate are the mayor transport form of fixed nitrogen and ureide accumulation has been related with the inhibition of nitrogen fixation under drought conditions. In this work, an allantoate amidohydrolase (PvAAH) enzyme from common bean has been identified and characterized. The results obtained after blocking PvAAH expression using RNAi suggest that the PvAAH is the enzyme responsible for degrading allantoate in common bean. The analysis of the allantoate metabolism in common bean plants showed an increase in the ureide content in the aerial tissues during the reproductive developmental stage both, in nodulated and nonoduladed plants, as well as in plants subjected to darkness. This increase of ureides was correlated with an increase of the allantoinase activity in the stems, regulated at transcriptional level, and with a decrease of the PvAAH activity in the leaves. In addition, in both situations, ureide accumulation was accompanied by an increase in glucose and starch in leaves. Likewise, a decrease in the PvAAH activity was observed in leaves of plants submitted to water deficit, and the expression of the PvAAH gene was induced in plants treated with several stress-related phytohormones

Local inhibition of nitrogen fixation and nodule metabolism in drought-stressed soybean

Drought stress is a major factor limiting symbiotic nitrogen fixation (NF) in soybean crop production. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in this inhibition are still controversial. Soybean plants were symbiotically grown in a split-root system (SRS), which allowed for half of the root system to be irrigated at field capacity while the other half remained water deprived. NF declined in the water-deprived root system while nitrogenase activity was maintained at control values in the well-watered half. Concomitantly, amino acids and ureides accumulated in the water-deprived belowground organs regardless of transpiration rates. Ureide accumulation was found to be related to the decline in their degradation activities rather than increased biosynthesis. Finally, proteomic analysis suggests that plant carbon metabolism, protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and cell growth are among the processes most altered in soybean nodules under drought stress. Results presented here support the hypothesis of a local regulation of NF taking place in soybean and downplay the role of ureides in the inhibition of NF

Calidad y producción de cinco variedades de fresa (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) bajo diferentes condiciones climáticas en el estado de Chihuahua

El presente trabajo se está realizando a campo abierto con la finalidad de evaluar comparativamente las diferentes variedades establecidas, para conocer la capacidad de producción y calidad de las plantas de fresa en variedades extranjeras (Festival, Albión, Camino Real, Portola y San Andreas). Las cinco variedades se establecieron en tres predios agrícolas localizados en Chihuahua, México a diferente altitud: Namiquipa (1,888 m), Guerrero (2,152 m) y Satevo (1,900 m). Se marcaron diez plantas al azar de cada variedad en cada sitio. Las variables fisiológicas a medir son; número de flores, número de estolones, número de frutos, diámetro de corona y clorofila; las variables de calidad son; peso, firmeza, tamaño, acidez titulable, pH y Grados BRIX, así como análisis de suelo y agua. Para determinar producción y calidad nutrimental del fruto en el ciclo del cultivo. El análisis estadístico se estará analizando posteriormente. En cuanto al análisis de agua los tres sitios se clasificaron como muy buena en Guerrero C1S1; baja salinidad y poco sodio, en Satevo y Namiquipa calidad buena C2S1; salinidad media, poco sodio. Los análisis de suelo indican textura Franco Arcillo Arenoso con diferencia de porcentajes mínimos para los tres sitios, con pH de 6,9-7,2 con salinidad mediana-baja y la fertilidad del suelo varía de acuerdo al manejo de cada productor en cada sitio

Estudios históricos 7 : arquitectura y diseño

1 archivo PDF (160 páginas)Compilación de doce conferencias de excelencia académica presentadas en el Seminario de Historia de la Arquitectura y del Diseño en el siglo XX, UAM-UNAM. Éstas se organizan, en una primera parte, como investigaciones referidas a la historia de la Arquitectura y del diseño en México y a la globalización ... y, en segunda, al resto del mundo: Reino Unido, Bilbao, Berlín, Barcelona, Alemania

Multidisciplinary study of mud volcanoes and diapirs and their relationship to seepages and bottom currents in the Gulf of Cádiz continental slope (northeastern sector)

The seabed morphology, type of sediments, and dominant benthic species on eleven mud volcanoes and diapirs located on the northern sector of the Gulf of Cádiz continental slope have been studied. The morphological characteristics were grouped as: (i) fluid-escape-related features, (ii) bottom current features, (iii) mass movement features, (iv) tectonic features and (v) biogenic-related features. The dominant benthic species associated with fluid escape, hard substrates or soft bottoms, have also been mapped. A bottom current velocity analysis allowed, the morphological features to be correlated with the benthic habitats and the different sedimentary and oceanographic characteristics. The major factors controlling these features and the benthic habitats are mud flows and fluid-escape-related processes, as well as the interaction of deep water masses with the seafloor topography. Mud volcano eruptions give rise to mud flows and/or aqueous fluid seepage. These processes sustain chemosynthesis-based communities, closely associated with fluid seepage. Large depressions in the nearby area are influenced by collapse-related phenomena, where active fluid escape and the erosive effect of bottom currents have been identified. When the extrusion activity of the mud volcano is low and the seepage is diffuse, authigenic carbonates form within the edifice sediments. The bottom current sweeps the seafloor from the SE to the NW. When the velocity is moderate, sedimentary contourite processes take place on both sides of the edifices. At high velocities, the authigenic carbonates may be exhumed and colonised by species associated with hard substrates. Small carbonate mounds are found at the summits of some volcanoes and diapirs. Living corals have been found on the tops of the shallowest mud volcanoes, revealing different oceanographic conditions and strong bottom currents that favour the availability of nutrients and organic particles. The edifices affected by very high current velocities are located in the channels where erosive processes dominate.Postprint2,517

Modelo Prolab: Iron Can, fabricación y comercialización de galletas para perros en base a sangre de ganado vacuno en la región Cajamarca

De acuerdo con la OPS, 2020: “La persistencia y reemergencia de algunas enfermedades infecciosas asociadas a los cambios socioeconómicos y ambientales, ponen de relieve la necesidad de reforzar actividades de la salud pública”, por lo cual la salud pública y el cuidado del medio ambiente es un tema que ha tomado relevancia en las dos últimas décadas, tal es así que actualmente no solo se busca cuidarlo, si no también mejorarlo de manera sostenible, es por ello que en el desarrollo del presente trabajo de tesis se identificó, que dentro de la Ciudad de Cajamarca existe un problema social relevante, el cual es la inadecuada disposición de los residuos generados por el Camal Municipal, causados por el proceso de faenamiento de los bovinos, ya que la sangre es vertida sin tratamiento alguno en los sistemas de drenaje del camal e incluso en algunas ocasiones generan su colapso, ocasionando que las calles aledañas sean cubiertas de sangre lo cual genera un impacto social y ambiental negativo. Para poder obtener una solución sostenible en el tiempo es necesito formar alianzas estratégicas entre la municipalidad, la empresa y la sociedad de manera que permitan mejorar la salud publica mediante la gestión eficiente de los desechos municipales de los camales, dando un valor agregado a más de 70 toneladas anuales de sangre de ganado vacuno que actualmente son vertidas en el drenaje. Es así, que se plantea como solución viable el empleo diario de 250 litros de sangre para la fabricación de galletas para perros. El mercado actual muestra una creciente demanda por la compra de alimentos saludables para mascotas por lo cual se empleó el modelo canvas para estudiar el mercado y medir la rentabilidad del negocio propuesto el cual consiste en utilizar la sangre de ganado vacuno de los camales, la cual es rica en hierro, para la producción y comercialización de galletas para perros. Finalmente, de acuerdo con esto y la simulación de las proyecciones financieras se establece que es un negocio rentable y sostenible, ya que se obtiene un VAN económico de S/. 2,185,509.12 con un TIR de 55% y un VAN financiero de S/. 1,537,983.68 con un TIR de 58%, lo cual permite la rentabilidad del negocio, así como también la liquidez que va a permitir gestionar de manera eficiente desechos contaminantes para la comercialización de las galletas para perro, de igual manera se obtuvo un VAN social de S/ 4,067,009.64 lo que permite establecer un impacto positivo en el medio ambiente, generando un emprendimiento con un objetivo de desarrollo sostenible.According to PAHO, 2020: "The persistence and reemergence of some infectious diseases associated with socioeconomic and environmental changes, highlight the need to strengthen public health activities", for which public health and care for the environment is a topic that has become relevant in the last two decades, so much so that currently it is not only sought to care for it, but also to improve it in a sustainable way, which is why the development of this work of thesis it was identified that within the City of Cajamarca there is a relevant social problem, which is the inadequate disposal of the waste generated by the Municipal Camal, caused by the process of slaughtering the bovines, since at the time of the dumping of The blood in the drainage systems of the slaughterhouse are not treated and on some occasions they even collapse, causing the surrounding streets to be covered in blood, generating a negative social and environmental impact. In order to obtain a sustainable solution over time, it is necessary to form strategic alliances between the municipality, the company and society in order to improve public health through the efficient management of municipal waste from the slaughterhouses, giving added value to more than 70 annual tons of bovine blood that are currently poured into the drain. Thus, the daily use of 250 liters of blood that are produced in the manufacture of dog biscuits is proposed as a viable solution. The current market shows a growing demand for the purchase of healthy pet food, for which the canvas model was used to study the market and measure the profitability of the proposed business, which consists of using the blood of cattle from the slaughterhouses, which It is rich in iron, for the production and sale of biscuits for dogs. Finally, according to this and the simulation of the financial projections, it is established that it is a profitable and sustainable business, since an economic NPV of S/. 2,185,509.12 and an IRR of 55% and a financial NPV of S/. 1,537,983.68 and an IRR of 58%, which allows the profitability of the business, as well as the liquidity that will allow the efficient management of polluting waste for the commercialization of dog biscuits. In the same way, a social NPV of S/ 4,067,009.64 was obtained. which allows establishing the positive impact that it generates in the environment, generating a venture with a sustainable development objective

Barreiras e facilitadores da vacinação contra influenza observados por funcionários dos programas nacionais de imunização em países Sul-Americanos com diferentes níveis de cobertura

Influenza is a severe, vaccine-preventable disease. Vaccination programs across Latin American countries show contrasting coverage rates, from 29% in Paraguay to 89% in Brazil. This study explores how national influenza vaccination programs in the chosen South American countries address vaccine confidence and convenience, as well as complacency toward the disease. Barriers and facilitators to influenza vaccination programs in their relation to vaccine hesitancy were observed by documentary analysis and interviews with 38 national immunization program officers in high- (Brazil and Chile) and lowperforming (Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay) countries. Influenza vaccination policies, financing, purchasing, coordination, and accessibility are considered good or acceptable. National communication strategies focus on vaccine availability during campaigns. In Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, anti-vaccine propaganda was mentioned as a problem. Programming and implementation face human resource shortages across most countries. Statistical information, health information systems, and nominal risk-group records are available, with limitations in Peru and Paraguay. Health promotion, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation are perceived as opportunities to address confidence and complacency. Influenza vaccination programs identify and act on most barriers and facilitators affecting influenza vaccine hesitancy via supply-side strategies which mostly address vaccine convenience. Confidence and complacency are insufficiently addressed, except for Uruguay. Programs have the opportunity to develop integral supply and demand-side approaches.La gripe es una enfermedad grave, prevenible mediante vacunas con sus correspondientes programas en países latinoamericanos, informando sobre tasas contrastadas de cobertura, desde el 29% en Paraguay al 89% en Brasil. Este artículo investiga cómo los programas nacionales contra la gripe en países seleccionados de Suramérica abordan la confianza en la vacuna y su conveniencia, así como también la complacencia hacia la enfermedad. Las barreras y facilitadores del programa de vacunación de la gripe, en su relación con la vacilación hacia la vacuna, se observaron mediante análisis documental y entrevistas a 38 a cargo de los programas nacionales de inmunización en países con alto (Brasil y Chile) y bajo desempeño (Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay). Políticas de vacunación contra la gripe, financiamiento, compras coordinación y accesibilidad fueron consideradas como buenas o aceptables. Las estrategias nacionales de comunicación se centran en la disponibilidad de la vacuna durante las campañas. En Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay la propaganda antivacunas fue mencionada como un problema. La planificación e implementación enfrentan escasez de recursos humanos en la mayoría de países a través de la mayoría de países. Los sistemas de información en salud, estadísticas y registros nominales por grupos de riesgo se encuentran disponibles con limitaciones en Perú y Paraguay. La promoción de la salud, supervisión, monitoreo y evaluación son percibidos como oportunidades para abordar la confianza y complacencia. Los programas de vacunación contra la gripe actúan principalmente sobre las barreras y facilitadores que afectan la vacilación a vacunarse mediante estrategias del lado de la demanda, las cuales en su mayor parte van dirigidas a contrarestar la conveniencia. La confianza y complacencia son insuficientemente abordadas en todos los países, excepto en Uruguay. Los programas tienen la oportunidad de desarrollar estrategias que aborden tanto el lado de la oferta como de la demanda.A influenza é uma doença grave, imunoprevenível, para a qual os programas de vacinação nos países latino-americanos apresentam taxas de cobertura contrastantes, desde 29% no Paraguai até 89% no Brasil. O artigo explora de que maneira os programas nacionais de influenza em países selecionados da América do Sul lidam com a confiança e a conveniência da vacina, assim como, a acomodação em relação à doença. As barreiras e facilitadores dos programas de vacinação contra influenza foram observados em relação à hesitação vacinal, através de análise documental e entrevistas com 38 autoridades de programas nacionais de imunização em países com desempenho alto (Brasil e Chile) e baixo (Paraguai, Peru e Uruguai). As políticas de vacinação contra influenza, financiamento da compra de vacinas, coordenação e acessibilidade são consideradas boas ou aceitáveis. As estratégias nacionais de comunicação estão concentradas na disponibilidade durante campanhas. No Chile, Paraguai e Uruguay, a propaganda antivacina foi mencionada enquanto problema. A programação e a implementação enfrentam escassez de recursos humanos na maioria dos países. Dados estatísticos, sistemas de informação em saúde e registros nominais de grupos de risco estão disponíveis, com limitações no Peru e no Paraguai. A promoção da saúde, supervisão, monitoramento e avaliação foram percebidas como oportunidades para tratar da confiança e da acomodação. Os programas de vacinação contra influenza identificam e agem sobre a maioria das barreiras e facilitadores que afetam a hesitação vacinal através de estratégias do lado da oferta, tratando principalmente da conveniência da vacina. A confiança e a acomodação não são tratadas de maneira suficiente, com exceção notável do Uruguai. Os programas têm a oportunidade de desenvolver abordagens que integram os lados da oferta e da procura

PM060184, a new tubulin binding agent with potent antitumor activity including P-glycoprotein over-expressing tumors

PM060184 belongs to a new family of tubulin-binding agents originally isolated from the marine sponge Lithoplocamia lithistoides. This compound is currently produced by total synthesis and is under evaluation in clinical studies in patients with advanced cancer diseases. It was recently published that PM060184 presents the highest known affinities among tubulin-binding agents, and that it targets tubulin dimers at a new binding site. Here, we show that PM060184 has a potent antitumor activity in a panel of different tumor xenograft models. Moreover, PM060184 is able to overcome P-gp mediated resistance in vivo, an effect that could be related to its high binding affinity for tubulin. To gain insight into the mechanism responsible of the observed antitumor activity, we have characterized its molecular and cellular effects. We have observed that PM060184 is an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization that reduces microtubule dynamicity in cells by 59%. Interestingly, PM060184 suppresses microtubule shortening and growing at a similar extent. This action affects cells in interphase and mitosis. In the first case, the compound induces a disorganization and fragmentation of the microtubule network and the inhibition of cell migration. In the second case, it induces the appearance of multipolar mitosis and lagging chromosomes at the metaphase plate. These effects correlate with prometaphase arrest and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis or appearance of cells in a multinucleated interphase-like state unrelated to classical apoptosis pathways. Taken together, these results indicate that PM060184 represents a new tubulin binding agent with promising potential as an anticancer agent.This work was supported by grants BIO2010-16351 (JFD), CAM S2010/BMD-2457 (JFD), CAM S2010/BMD-2353 (JMA), BFU2011-23416 (JMA) and PharmaMar-CSIC contracts. BP had a contract from Comunidad de Madrid

Bases genéticas y moleculares de la preeclampsia

La preeclampsia es una enfermedad compleja, exclusiva de la gestación humana y responsables de una alta morbimortalidad perinatal. Ha sido denominada la enfermedad de las múltiples teorÍas, en la cual tanto factores medioambientales como genéticos se han asociado al desarrollo de la misma. para la identificación de los genes candidatos asociados con la PE, se han empleado dos tipos de metodologÍa, los estudios de asociación y los estudios de ligamiento.[Serrano NC, Páes MC, MartÍnez MP, Casas JP, Gil L, Nvarro AA. Bases genéticas y moleculares de la preeclampsia. MedUNAB 2002; 5(15):185-94].Palabras clave: Genética, preeclampsia, polimorfismos, estudios de ligamiento, estudios de asociación, metileneterahidrofolato reductasa, lipoprotein lipasa, óxidonitrico sintasa endotelial, factor V de Leiden, angiotesinógeno, HLA-G, y factor denecrosis tumoral alfa.Preeclampsia is a complex disease, exclusive of human pregnancy and responsible for high perinatal morbidity and mortality. It has been called the disease of multiple theories, in which both environmental and genetic factors have been associated with its development. For the identification of candidate genes associated with PE, two types of methodology have been used, association studies and linkage studies. This article explains the rationale for both studies and reviews the main candidate genes within the pathophysiology of the disease, including those that code for the enzymes methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, lipoprotein lipase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase; factor V Leiden, angiotensinogen, HLA-G, and necrotumor factor alph