L'usage et l'appropriation des communications mobiles textuelles par les acteurs de la réponse humanitaire du séisme du 12 janvier, 2010 en Haïti

Ce mémoire porte un regard sur la contribution des communications mobiles textuelles, en l'occurrence SMS et Twitter dans une dynamique de crowdsourcing par les acteurs au sein des groupes sectoriels (clusters) des Nations Unies lors de la réponse humanitaire de janvier 2010 en Haïti. L'hypothèse énonce que malgré l'effervescence et la médiatisation des techniques, la contribution des CMT était limitée par l'état des lieux, la dynamique de l'organisme de la réponse, ainsi que par l'appropriation de la technique par les acteurs. La méthodologie de l'étude de cas a été mise à profit du travail de collecte et d'analyse des données. Les résultats corroborent l'hypothèse en mettant en lumière l'écart des usages et appropriation des techniques au sein du groupe des participants en comparaison à la communauté locale, l'influence de la dynamique du développement sur la coopération internationale en temps de réponse, ainsi que le peu d'importance accordée à la communication par l'organisme de la réponse. Les résultats indiquent également que le séisme en Haïti constitue un événement historique marquant un changement de paradigme quant au rôle des CMT et de la communication dans la gestion des désastres futurs.\ud ______________________________________________________________________________ \ud MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : SMS, Twitter, désastre, réponse humanitaire, TIC, Haït

Career readiness: Developing graduate employability capitals in aspiring media workers

Teaching students aspiring to media work presents the educator with a fundamental dilemma. On the one hand, students require the knowledge and skills necessary to find and sustain employment within existing industry practices, systems and structures. On the other hand, students need to be prepared for the uncertain and shifting nature of media work, and highly problematic aspects of some of those selfsame practices, systems and structures. How do you ensure the former, without condoning or under-playing the latter? An overly theoretical and critical education risks producing graduates unprepared for the practicalities of media employment. An overly instrumental education risks graduates lacking the necessary responsiveness and resilience required to drive a media career over time, or the ability to recognize, to navigate, or to challenge systemic problems within these industries. This article approaches the dilemma from a UK perspective, through a consideration of the notion of employability, interpreted as career readiness. It advocates five inter-related forms of graduate capital: human capital; social capital; cultural capital; psychological capital; and identity capital. The article argues that their application to aspiring media workers in particular, provides a valuable conceptual framework for educators concerned to find an approach to employability that is both instrumental and critical

Glenohumeral joint injection: a comparative study of ultrasound and fluoroscopically guided techniques before MR arthrography

To assess the variability in accuracy of contrast media introduction, leakage, required time and patient discomfort in four different centres, each using a different image-guided glenohumeral injection technique. Each centre included 25 consecutive patients. The ultrasound-guided anterior (USa) and posterior approach (USp), fluoroscopic-guided anterior (FLa) and posterior (FLp) approach were used. Number of injection attempts, effect of contrast leakage on diagnostic quality, and total room, radiologist and procedure times were measured. Pain was documented with a visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score. Access to the joint was achieved in all patients. A successful first attempt significantly occurred more often with US (94%) than with fluoroscopic guidance (72%). Leakage of contrast medium did not cause interpretative difficulties. With US guidance mean room, procedure and radiologist times were significantly shorter (p < 0.001). The USa approach was rated with the lowest pre- and post-injection VAS scores. The four image-guided injection techniques are successful in injection of contrast material into the glenohumeral joint. US-guided injections and especially the anterior approach are significantly less time consuming, more successful on the first attempt, cause less patient discomfort and obviate the need for radiation and iodine contrast

Mapping ‘the ANT multiple’: a comparative, critical and reflexive analysis

Despite decades of development, Actor-Network Theory (ANT) continues to be characterized by a good deal of ambiguities and internal tensions. This situation has led to a suggestion that instead of one ANT it may be meaningful to speak of ‘the ANT multiple’. Following this line of reasoning, this article aims to create a map of the variety of positions riding under the ANT banner. Based on an in-depth reading of ANT literature, seven different interpretations of ANT are identified and subjected to critical analysis while accommodating for the concerns of ANT proponents about the way ANT has been previously criticized. The results of the analysis serve to increase the reflexivity of both sides of the debate about their underlying assumptions, and provide suggestions how ANT could be employed, developed and criticized more productively in the future

A relational analysis of an invisible illness: A meta-ethnography of people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis and their support needs

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)/myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) is indicated by prolonged, medically unexplained fatigue (amongst other symptoms), not alleviated by rest, and causing substantial disability. There are limited treatments on offer, which may not be effective and/or acceptable for all people, and treatment views are polarised. We, thus, aimed to take a step back from this debate, to explore more broadly preferences for formal and informal support among people with CFS/ME. We used a meta-ethnography approach to examine the substantial qualitative literature available. Using the process outlined by Noblit and Hare, and guided by patient involvement throughout, 47 studies were analysed. Our synthesis suggested that to understand people with CFS/ME (such as their invisibility, loss of self, and fraught clinical encounters), it was useful to shift focus to a ‘relational goods’ framework. Emotions and tensions encountered in CFS/ME care and support only emerge via ‘sui generis’ real life interactions, influenced by how social networks and health consultations unfold, and structures like disability support. This relational paradigm reveals the hidden forces at work producing the specific problems of CFS/ME, and offers a ‘no blame’ framework going forward. Chronic fatigue syndrome; myalgic encephalomyelitis; meta-ethnography: qualitative; relational goods; social support; Users' Experience

Occupational adaptation of people living with fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review with Thematic Synthesis

Introduction : La fibromyalgie (FM) est un syndrome de douleur chronique primaire comprenant plusieurs symptômes comme de la fatigue et des troubles du sommeil. Plusieurs études suggèrent que la FM affecte la réalisation des occupations. Certaines personnes arrivent à s’adapter à l’expérience de la FM alors que pour d’autres, il est plus difficile de maintenir une routine satisfaisante. Le but de cette étude est de comprendre le processus d’adaptation occupationnelle des personnes atteintes de la FM. Méthode : Une revue systématique de la littérature avec synthèse thématique d’articles qualitatifs a été réalisée selon la méthode de Thomas et Harden dans les articles publiés avant février 2020. La recherche a été effectuée dans les bases de données AMHED, CINAHL, MedLine, OT Seeker, OTD Base et PsycInfo à l’aide d’une stratégie de recherche comprenant les mots-clés occupation et FM. Les articles en anglais ou en français abordant des composantes de l’adaptation occupationnelle ont été inclus. Les articles documentant les effets d’une intervention ou présentant plusieurs conditions non distinguées dans les résultats ont été exclus. Deux étudiants-chercheurs ont évalué indépendamment la qualité des articles sélectionnés à l’aide de la liste du Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Puis, une synthèse thématique a été réalisée par l’étudiante responsable du projet à l’aide du Modèle de l’Occupation Humaine. Résultats : Un total de 555 articles a été identifié, puis 333 articles ont été évalués suite au retrait des doublons. Après l’évaluation du titre et des résumés de ces articles, 44 articles ont été lus intégralement. Douze articles qualitatifs ont finalement été inclus dans l’étude. La synthèse révèle que l’environnement social est très important dans le processus d’adaptation occupationnelle, particulièrement le soutien des proches. Les enjeux identitaires sont également cruciaux, car une redéfinition de l’identité est souvent nécessaire. La compétence occupationnelle est grandement affectée par l'expérience de la FM en raison de la difficulté à accomplir les activités réalisées autrefois. L’adaptation occupationnelle est un défi pour certains individus, mais le maintien d’une routine et l'intégration de stratégies de gestion agissent comme facilitateurs. Conclusion : Le soutien de l'environnement social serait particulièrement essentiel pour permettre l'adaptation occupationnelle d’une personne atteinte de la FM. L’adaptation occupationnelle est un processus complexe et dynamique requérant une évaluation de l’ensemble de ses composantes, notamment l’identité et la compétence occupationnelle.Introduction: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a primary chronic pain syndrome with several symptoms such as fatigue and sleep disturbances. Several studies suggest that FM affects the participation in various occupations. Some people can adapt to the FM experience while for others it is more difficult to maintain a routine. The purpose of this study is to understand the process of occupational adaptation of people with FM. Methods: A systematic review of qualitative research was performed using the method of Thomas and Harden for articles published before February 2020. The databases AMHED, CINAHL, MedLine, OT Seeker, OTD Base and PsycInfo were searched using a search strategy that included the keywords occupation and FM. Articles in English or French addressing components of occupational adaptation were included. Articles documenting the effects of an intervention or presenting several conditions not distinguished in the results were excluded. Two students independently assessed the quality of the selected articles with the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. A thematic synthesis was then conducted by the student in charge of the project using the Model of Human Occupation. Results: A total of 555 articles were identified and 333 of them were evaluated following the removal of duplicates. After evaluation of the titles and summaries of these articles, 44 articles were read. Twelve qualitative articles were finally included in the study. The synthesis reveals that the social environment is very important in the process of occupational adaptation, particularly the support of relatives. Identity issues are also crucial, and some people must redefine their identity. Occupational competence is greatly affected by FM experience due to the difficulty of performing in some activities. Occupational adaptation is an issue for some individuals but maintaining a routine and integrating management strategies act as facilitators. Conclusion: Support from the social environment seems to facilitate occupational adjustment for a person with FM. Occupational adjustment is a complex and dynamic process that requires an assessment of all its components, including identity and occupational competence