Structure sensitivity in third-harmonic generation microscopy

International audienceWe characterize experimentally the influence of sample structure and beam focusing on signal level in third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy. In the case of a homogeneous spherical sample, the dependence of the signal on the size of the sphere can be controlled by modifying the Rayleigh length of the excitation beam. More generally, the influence of excitation focusing on the signal depends on sample geometry, allowing one to highlight certain structures within a complex system. We illustrate this point by focusing-based contrast modulation in THG images of Drosophila embryos

Accuracy of correction in modal sensorless adaptive optics.

International audienceWe investigate theoretically and experimentally the parameters governing the accuracy of correction in modal sensorless adaptive optics for microscopy. On the example of two-photon fluorescence imaging, we show that using a suitable number of measurements, precise correction can be obtained for up to 2 radians rms aberrations without optimising the aberration modes used for correction. We also investigate the number of photons required for accurate correction when signal acquisition is shot-noise limited. We show that only 10(4) to 10(5) photons are required for complete correction so that the correction process can be implemented with limited extra-illumination and associated photoperturbation. Finally, we provide guidelines for implementing an optimal correction algorithm depending on the experimental conditions

Signal epidetection in third-harmonic generation microscopy of turbid media

International audienceThird-harmonic generation (THG) imaging of thick samples or large organisms requires TH light to be epicollected through the focusing objective. In this study we first estimate the amount of backward-to-forward TH radiation created by an isolated object as a function of size and spatial frequencies in the object. Theory and model experiments indicate that no significant signal can be epidetected from a (biological) dielectric structure embedded in a transparent medium. In contrast, backward emission is observed from metal nanoparticles where THG is partly a surface effect. We then address the case of an object embedded in a turbid medium. Experiments and Monte Carlo simulations show that epidetection is possible when the absorption mean free path of harmonic light in the medium exceeds its reduced scattering length, and that epicollection efficiency critically depends on the microscope field-of-view even at shallow depths, because backscattered light is essentially diffusive. These observations provide guidelines for optimizing epidetection in third-harmonic, second-harmonic, or CARS imaging of thick tissues

Dynamic aberration correction for multiharmonic microscopy.

International audienceWe demonstrate image-based aberration correction in a third-harmonic generation (THG) microscope. We describe a robust, mostly sample-independent correction scheme relying on prior measurement of the influence of aberration modes produced by a deformable mirror on the quality of THG images. We find that using image sharpness as an image quality metric, correction of N aberration modes is achieved using 2(2N+1) measurements in a variety of samples. We also report aberration correction in combined multiharmonic and two-photon excited fluorescence experiments. Finally, we demonstrate time-dependent adaptive THG imaging in developing embryonic tissue

Microscopies multiharmoniques pour l'imagerie structurale de tissus intacts [Second- and third-harmonic generation microscopies for the structural imaging of intact tissues]

International audienceDepuis son introduction en 1990, la microscopie de fluorescence excitée à deux photons (Fluo-2P) s'est peu à peu imposée comme une méthode incontournable d'imagerie de tissus intacts à l'échelle sub-cellulaire. En effet, la caractéristique la plus remarquable de la microscopie multiphotonique est de maintenir une résolution tridimensionnelle micrométrique lors de l'observation en profondeur d'un milieu optiquement diffusant. Combinée aux technologies de protéines-fusion (type GFP), cette approche est aujourd'hui utilisée dans de nombreux domaines, notamment en neurophysiologie. Un autre attrait de ce type d'imagerie réside dans l'utilisation possible d'autres phénomènes optiques non linéaires (c'est-à-dire impliquant l'interaction simultanée de plusieurs photons avec une molécule observée) comme source de contraste. Ainsi, les microscopies par génération de second harmonique (GSH) et par génération de troisième harmonique (GTH) permettent également d'observer des milieux complexes et fournissent des informations complémentaires par rapport à l'imagerie de fluorescence. Certaines structures cellulaires ou tissulaires fournissent, en effet, ce type de réponse optique sans nécessiter de marquage exogène. La microscopie GSH permet, par exemple, de détecter le collagène fibrillaire et la microscopie GTH permet d'observer sans marquage le développement embryonnaire de petits organismes. One principal advantage of multiphoton excitation microscopy is that it preserves its three-dimensional micrometer resolution when imaging inside light-scattering samples. For that reason two-photon-excited fluorescence microscopy has become an invaluable tool for cellular imaging in intact tissue, with applications in many fields of physiology. This success has driven increasing interest in other forms of nonlinear microscopy that can provide additional information on cells and tissues, such as second- (SHG) and third- (THG) harmonic generation microscopies. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the contrast mechanisms of these recent methodologies, and high-resolution imaging based on intrinsic sources of signal has been demonstrated in cells and tissues. Harmonic generation exhibits structural rather than chemical specificity and can be obtained from a variety of non-fluorescent samples. SHG is observed specifically in dense, non-centrosymmetric arrangements of polarizable molecules, such as collagen fibrils, myofilaments, and polarized microtubule bundles. SHG imaging is therefore emerging as a novel approach for studying processes such as the physiopathological remodelling of the collagen matrix and myofibrillogenesis in intact tissue. THG does not require a non-centrosymmetric system; however no signal can be obtained from a homogeneous medium. THG imaging therefore provides maps of sub-micrometer heterogeneities (interfaces, inclusions) in unstained samples, and can be used as a general purpose structural imaging tool. Recent studies showed that this technique can be used to image embryo development in small organisms and to characterize the accumulation of large lipid bodies in specialized cells. SHG and THG microscopy both rely on femtosecond laser technology and are easily combined with two-photon microscopy

Velocimetric third-harmonic generation microscopy: micrometer-scale quantification of morphogenetic movements in unstained embryos

International audienceWe demonstrate the association of third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy and particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis as a novel functional imaging technique for automated micrometer-scale characterization of morphogenetic movements in developing embryos. Using a combined two-photon-excited fluorescence and THG microscope, we characterize the optical properties of Drosophila embryos and show that sustained THG imaging does not perturb sensitive developmental dynamics. Velocimetric THG imaging provides a quantitative description of the dynamics of internal structures in unstained wild-type and mutant embryos

A Method to Quantify Molecular Diffusion within Thin Solvated Polymer Films: A Case Study on Films of Natively Unfolded Nucleoporins

We present a method to probe molecular and nanoparticle diffusion within thin, solvated polymer coatings. The device exploits the confinement with well-defined geometry that forms at the interface between a planar and a hemispherical surface (of which at least one is coated with polymers) in close contact and uses this confinement to analyze diffusion processes without interference of exchange with and diffusion in the bulk solution. With this method, which we call plane–sphere confinement microscopy (PSCM), information regarding the partitioning of molecules between the polymer coating and the bulk liquid is also obtained. Thanks to the shape of the confined geometry, diffusion and partitioning can be mapped as a function of compression and concentration of the coating in a single experiment. The method is versatile and can be integrated with conventional optical microscopes; thus it should find widespread use in the many application areas exploiting functional polymer coatings. We demonstrate the use of PSCM using brushes of natively unfolded nucleoporin domains rich in phenylalanine–glycine repeats (FG domains). A meshwork of FG domains is known to be responsible for the selective transport of nuclear transport receptors (NTRs) and their macromolecular cargos across the nuclear envelope that separates the cytosol and the nucleus of living cells. We find that the selectivity of NTR uptake by FG domain films depends sensitively on FG domain concentration and that the interaction of NTRs with FG domains obstructs NTR movement only moderately. These observations contribute important information to better understand the mechanisms of selective NTR transport

Microscopie par génération de troisième harmonique appliquée à la biologie.

This work aimed at developing third-harmonic generation microscopy for biology, a recent technique allowing the visualization of unstained cells and tissues with sub-micrometer resolution. Its application to biological imaging was to date limited by the lack of study of signal creation inside samples, endogenous sources of contrast in biology, and induced phototoxicity. The work presented here mainly addresses those three issues. Firstly, we studied theoretically and experimentally the influence of sample structure and focusing of the excitation beam on THG signal. We showed that THG imaging acts on the sample as a bandpass filter for spatial frequencies and that adjusting the focusing of the excitation beam allows to modulate the signal from structures different shapes inside a complex sample. Secondly, we characterized optical properties of various biologically relevant liquids, showing that lipid bodies embedded in an aqueous environment should provide a strong intracellular source of contrast. We then demonstrated that those structures can indeed be tracked and quantified in a variety of unstained tissues using THG microscopy. Finally, we applied THG microscopy to the visualization of early development of live unstained Drosophila embryos. On this model, we studied mechanisms of induced phototoxicity and demonstrated that THG microscopy can provide a complete 3D description of morphogenetic movements in wild-type and mutant embryos without perturbation.Cette thèse a porté sur le développement pour la biologie de la microscopie par génération de troisième harmonique (THG), qui permet la visualisation sans marquage de cellules et de tissus avec une résolution sub-micrométrique. Son application en biologie était jusqu'à présent limitée par le manque d'études du mode de création du signal dans l'échantillon, des sources de contrastes biologiques endogènes ainsi que de la phototoxicité induite. Le travail présenté ici a essentiellement porté sur ces trois questions. Nous avons d'abord étudié théoriquement et expérimentalement l'influence de la structure de l'échantillon et de la focalisation du faisceau excitateur sur le signal THG. Nous avons montré que l'imagerie THG agit sur l'échantillon comme un filtre passe! -bande pour les fréquences spatiales et qu'ajuster la focalisation de l'excitation permet de moduler la visibilité de structures au sein d'un système complexe selon leur forme. Par ailleurs, nous avons caractérisé les propriétés optiques de différents liquides biologiques, qui prédisent qu'un corps lipidique dans un environnement aqueux doit constituer une source efficace de signal intracellulaire. Nous avons démontré que de telles structures peuvent effectivement être suivies et quantifiées par microscopie THG dans de nombreux types de tissus biologiques non marqués, ouvrant la voie à des applications en physiopathologie. Finalement, nous avons appliqué la microscopie THG à la visualisation in vivo et sans marquage du développement embryonnaire précoce chez la drosophile. Sur ce modèle, nous avons étudié les mécanismes de phototoxicité liés à l'imagerie THG et démontré la possibilité de visualiser les embryons en 3D sans perturbation du développement et de quantifier les mouvements morphogénétiques à partir des séquences obtenues

The Conformation of Thermoresponsive Polymer Brushes Probed by Optical Reflectivity

International audienceWe describe a microscope-based optical setup that allows us to perform space- and time-resolved measurements of the spectral reflectance of transparent substrates coated with ultrathin films. This technique is applied to investigate the behavior in water of thermosensitive polymer brushes made of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafted on glass. We show that spectral reflectance measurements yield quantitative information about the conformation and axial structure of the brushes as a function of temperature. We study how parameters such as grafting density and chain length affect the hydration state of a brush, and provide one of the few experimental evidences for the occurrence of vertical phase separation in the vicinity of the lower critical solution temperature of the polymer. The origin of the hysteretic behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes upon cycling the temperature is also clarified. We thus demonstrate that our optical technique allows for in-depth characterization of stimuli-responsive polymer layers, which is crucial for the rational design of smart polymer coatings in actuation, gating, or sensing applications

Structure sensitivity and sources of contrast in third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy of cells and tissues

International audienceThird-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy can provide structural information from unstained biological samples such as developing embryos. However, the contrast mechanisms in THG imaging need to be better characterized in order to develop practical applications. We studied experimentally and theoretically the influence of sample structure and excitation NA (Rayleigh length) on THG signals for various cases (spheres, interfaces). Because the third-harmonic signal critically depends on the spatial distribution of the Gouy shift, the effect of changing the excitation NA depends on the sample geometry within the focal volume. This phenomenon can be used to highlight certain structures within a complex system. Finally, we measured the nonlinear optical properties of several liquids, and we identified lipid bodies as an important source of contrast in biological THG imaging. We show that the technique can be used to characterize lipid accumulation in a variety of cells and tissues. © (2006) SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineerin