Ledeno doba

Upoznavanje povijesne baštine, osobito dijela koji se nalazi u neposrednoj blizini djetetova boravišta, ima značajno mjesto u odgoju, obrazovanju i odrastanju predškolskog djeteta. Fascinantno je vidjeti kako neki pedagoški ‘okidač’ može potaknuti djecu na razmišljanje, stvaranje, zaključivanje i učenje. Upravo se to dogodilo nakon posjeta izložbi ‘Lavlja jama’ postavljenoj u Muzeju Grada Crikvenice

NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ELEMENTS OF CONSOCIATION DEMOCRACY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Autori u radu analiziraju konsocijacijsku demokraciju kao poseban model demokracije za podijeljena društva. Budući da u podijeljenim društvima postoji više društvenih segmenata, primjena mehanizama majoritarne demokracije može ugroziti manjinske segmente i time poprimiti antidemokratski karakter. U radu se definira konsocijacijski model demokracije, vrši se usporedba između konsocijacijske, konsenzusne i većinske demokracije te se ispituje postojanje ovoga modela na normativnoj razini u Bosni i Hercegovini. S obzirom na to da postoje oprečna mišljenja treba li konsocijacijsku demokraciju primijeniti u Bosni i Hercegovini, u radu se dokazuje da na normativnoj razini konsocijacijska demokracija postoji kroz ispitivanje postojanja društvenih segmenata i četiri temeljna načela konsocijacijske demokracije u domaćemu pravnom poretku: velike koalicije vođa svih društvenih segmenata, autonomije segmenata, načela razmjernosti i veto mehanizma za zaštitu društvenih segmenata. Analizom se dokazuje da mehanizmi konsocijacijske demokracije, posebno često osporavani mehanizam veta, nisu vodili do uspostave tiranije manjine. Postupak po vitalnome nacionalnom interesu kao svojevrstan veto mehanizam u Domu naroda Parlamentarne skupštine Bosne i Hercegovine primijenjen je u približno 90 % slučajeva od najbrojnijega društvenog segmenta u Bosni i Hercegovini. Stoga ključno pitanje nije treba li konsocijacijsku demokraciju primijeniti, nego kako unaprijediti učinkovitost konsocijacijskih mehanizama radi ostvarenja stabilne demokracije.In the paper, the authors analyze consociational democracy as a special model of democracy for divided societies. Since there are more social segments in divided societies, the application of the mechanisms of majoritarian democracy can threaten minority segments and thus take on an anti-democratic character. In the paper the authors will define the consociational model of democracy, make a comparison between consociational, consensus and majority democracy and examine the existence of this model at the normative level in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since there are conflicting opinions as to whether consociational democracy should be applied in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the authors will demonstrate that consociational democracy exists on a normative level by examining the presence of social segments and the four fundamental principles of consociational democracy in the domestic legal order: great coalitions of leaders of all social segments, the autonomy of segments, the principle of proportionality and the veto mechanism for the protection of social segments. The analysis will also show that the mechanisms of consociational democracy, especially the often disputed veto mechanism, did not lead to the establishment of the tyranny of the minority. The vital national interest procedure as a kind of veto mechanism in the House of Peoples of the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina was applied in approximately 90% of cases by the most numerous social segment in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Therefore, the key question is not whether consociational democracy should be applied, but how to improve the efficiency of consociational mechanisms in order to achieve a stable democracy

PATENT GRANTING PROCEDURE IN THE LAW OFBOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Postupak za priznanje i zaštitu patenta je kompliciran, dugotrajan, težak i skup. Postupak stjecanja, održavanja, sadržaj, evidencija prometa, prestanak i zaštita patenta na području Bosne i Hercegovine (BiH) propisan je Zakonom o patentu, te Pravilnikom o postupku za priznanje patenta. Postupak priznanja patenta je posebni upravni postupak koji provodi Institut za intelektualno vlasništvo Bosne i Hercegovine. Na sva procesna pitanja koja nisu uređena Zakonom o patentu Bosne i Hercegovine i Pravilnikom o postupku za priznanje patenta, kao provedbenom propisu, primjenjuje se Zakon o upravnom postupku. Iako su tri materijalnopravna uvjeta koja se moraju ispuniti kako bi se izum mogao patentirati univerzalno prihvaćena, još uvijek je pravo iskorištavanja patentiranog izuma teritorijalno ograničeno, tako da i patentna zaštita izuma u Europskoj uniji (EU) počiva na nacionalnom pravu država članica. Institut za intelektualno vlasništvo Bosne i Hercegovine vodi, pored Registra patenata, i Registar prijava patenata, stoga će se u radu analizirati značaj prijave u postupku priznanja patenta i specifičnosti samog postupka zbog čega i jest reguliran posebnim zakonom.Patent granting and protection procedures are complex, long-lasting, difficult and expensive. The acquisition, maintenance, content, recording of transfer, cessation and the protection of a patent in B&H is regulated by the Patent Law and the Regulations Concerning Procedure for the Grant of a Patent and a Consensual Patent. Patent granting procedure is an administrative procedure that is conducted by The Institute for Intellectual Property of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The process issues that are not regulated by the Patent Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina or the Regulations Concerning Procedure for the Grant of a Patent and a Consensual Patent, are then regulated by the Administrative Procedure Law. Although the three material legal conditions that must be met in order for the invention to be patented are universally accepted, the right to exploit the patented invention is still territorially limited, so the protection of a patent in the EU is regulated on the national level of each member states. Apart from the Patent Register, the Institute for Intellectual Property of Bosnia and Herzegovina monitors the Register for Patent Application. Therefore, the paper analyses the significance of patent application and the specificities of the patent granting procedure, which is regulated by a specific law

Carbamylated low-density lipoprotein induces endothelial dysfunction

Aims Cardiovascular events remain the leading cause of death in Western world. Atherosclerosis is the most common underlying complication driven by low-density lipoproteins (LDL) disturbing vascular integrity. Carbamylation of lysine residues, occurring primarily in the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), may affect functional properties of lipoproteins; however, its effect on endothelial function is unknown. Methods and results Low-density lipoprotein from healthy donors was isolated and carbamylated. Vascular reactivity after treatment with native LDL (nLDL) or carbamylated LDL (cLDL) was examined in organ chambers for isometric tension recording using aortic rings of wild-type or lectin-like-oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) transgenic mice. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production were determined using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The effect of LDL-carbamyl-lysine levels on cardiovascular outcomes was determined in patients with CKD during a median follow-up of 4.7 years. Carbamylated LDL impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine or calcium-ionophore A23187, but not endothelium-independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside. In contrast, nLDL had no effect. Carbamylated LDL enhanced aortic ROS production by activating NADPH-oxidase. Carbamylated LDL stimulated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) uncoupling at least partially by promoting S-glutathionylation of eNOS. Carbamylated LDL-induced endothelial dysfunction was enhanced in LOX-1 transgenic mice. In patients with CKD, LDL-carbamyl-lysine levels were significant predictors for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Conclusions Carbamylation of LDL induces endothelial dysfunction via LOX-1 activation and increased ROS production leading to eNOS uncoupling. This indicates a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease which may be pathogenic and prognostic in patients with CKD and high plasma levels of cLD

The long Pentraxin 3 plays a role in bone turnover and repair

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an inflammatory mediator acting as a fluid-phase pattern recognition molecule and playing an essential role in innate immunity and matrix remodeling. Inflammatory mediators also contribute to skeletal homeostasis, operating at multiple levels in physiological and pathological conditions. This study was designed to investigate the role of PTX3 in physiological skeletal remodeling and bone healing. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and bone histomorphometry of distal femur showed that PTX3 gene-targeted female and male mice (ptx3−/−) had lower trabecular bone volume than their wild-type (ptx3+/+) littermates (BV/TV by μCT: 3.50 ± 1.31 vs 6.09 ± 1.17 for females, p < 0.0001; BV/TV 9.06 ± 1.89 vs 10.47 ± 1.97 for males, p = 0.0435). In addition, μCT revealed lower trabecular bone volume in second lumbar vertebra of ptx3−/− mice. PTX3 was increasingly expressed during osteoblast maturation in vitro and was able to reverse the negative effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on osteoblast differentiation. This effect was specific for the N-terminal domain of PTX3 that contains the FGF2-binding site. By using the closed transversal tibial fracture model, we found that ptx3−/− female mice formed significantly less mineralized callus during the anabolic phase following fracture injury compared to ptx3+/+ mice (BV/TV 17.05 ± 4.59 vs 20.47 ± 3.32, p = 0.0195). Nonhematopoietic periosteal cells highly upregulated PTX3 expression during the initial phase of fracture healing, particularly CD51+ and αSma+ osteoprogenitor subsets, and callus tissue exhibited concomitant expression of PTX3 and FGF2 around the fracture site. Thus, PTX3 supports maintenance of the bone mass possibly by inhibiting FGF2 and its negative impact on bone formation. Moreover, PTX3 enables timely occurring sequence of callus mineralization after bone fracture injury. These results indicate that PTX3 plays an important role in bone homeostasis and in proper matrix mineralization during fracture repair, a reflection of the function of this molecule in tissue homeostasis and repair

Urinary bladder cancer detection using YOLO algorithm

Ovaj diplomski rad opisuje detekciju karcinoma mokraćnog mjehura primjenom YOLO (You Only Look Once) algoritma. Opisana je problematika računalnog vida i detekcije objekata te uloga konvolucijskih neuronskih mreža pri rješavanju iste. Konvolucijske neuronske mreže opisane su u pogledu strukture, procesa učenja i vrednovanja detekcije objekata. Predstavljena su rješenja detekcije objekata temeljena na konvolucijskim neuronskim mrežama u obliku algoritama s pristupom u dva i u jednom koraku. Iz algoritama s pristupom u jednom koraku izdvojen je i pobliže opisan YOLO algoritam s naglaskom na svoju najnoviju inačicu YOLOv7. YOLOv7 model učen je detekciji tumora na mokraćnom mjehuru na skupovima podataka koji su se sastojali od CT i MRI slikovnih zapisa frontalnog, horizontalnog i sagitalnog presjeka trbušne šupljine. Učenje za pojedini presjek vršeno je odvojeno i rezultiralo je srednjom prosječnom preciznošću od 94.4%, 85.6% i 96.1% za frontalni, horizontalni i sagitalni presjek, redom. Ispitivanjem modela na novim, modelu nepoznatim, slikama utvrđena je uspješna detekcija karcinoma mokraćnog mjehura.This master's thesis describes urinary bladder cancer detection using YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm. It describes the problem of computer vision, object detection, and the role of using convolutional neural networks as its solution. Convolutional neural networks are described in the means of their structure, training process, and object detection evaluation. Solutions of object detection based on convolutional neural networks are introduced as one- and two-stage approach algorithms. From one-stage approach algorithms YOLO algorithm has been chosen and described in more detail with emphasis on its newest version YOLOv7. A YOLOv7 model has been trained to detect tumor on the urinary bladder by using datasets that consisted of CT and MRI images of frontal, horizontal and sagittal plane of the abdomen. Learning process for each plane has been performed separately and it has resulted in 94.4%, 85.6%, and 96.1% mean average precision for frontal, horizontal and sagittal plane, respectively. Model testing on new, to the model unknown, images concluded in successful detection of the urinary bladder cancer

Application of z-transform in signal reconstruction problems

Ovaj završni rad opisuje primjenu z-transformacije kod problema rekonstrukcije signala. Definirana je z-transformacija kao i uvjeti njezine egzistencije te su objašnjena i definirana njezina svojstva. Dano je nekoliko primjera z-transformacije za osnovne funkcije te primjer njezinog korištenja pri rješavanju diferencijskih jednadžbi u analizi diskretnih sustava. Definirana je diskretna Fourierova transformacija te njezina zajednicka uporaba sa z-transformacijom pri rekonstrukciji ˇ signala iskljucivo iz njihove fazne ili magnitudne funkcije. Pritom se z-transformacija kod pro- ˇ blema rekonstrukcije koristi za analizu izvedivosti iste te su objašnjeni uvjeti koje mora zadovoljavati z-transformacija signala, odnosno njezini polovi i nule, da bi rekonstrukcija bila moguca. ´ Spomenuti su uvjeti potom ispitani pri analizi izvedivosti rekonstrukcije za nekoliko proizvoljnih signala.This final paper describes the application of the Z-transform in signal reconstruction problem. It gives the definition of the Z-transform as well as the conditions of its existence. The properties of the Z-transform are explained and derived. A few examples of the Z-transform of elementary functions are given along with an example of the application of the Z-transform in solving difference equations in discrete system analysis. The discrete Fourier transform is defined together with its common application with the Z-transform in signal reconstruction using only its phase or magnitude function. In signal reconstruction the Z-transform is used to determine the feasibility of the reconstruction. The conditions which have to be met by the z-transform of the signal, that is, its poles and zeros, in order for the signal reconstruction to be possible are explained. The mentioned conditions are then tested in reconstruction feasibility analysis of a few arbitrary signals

Urinary bladder cancer detection using YOLO algorithm

Ovaj diplomski rad opisuje detekciju karcinoma mokraćnog mjehura primjenom YOLO (You Only Look Once) algoritma. Opisana je problematika računalnog vida i detekcije objekata te uloga konvolucijskih neuronskih mreža pri rješavanju iste. Konvolucijske neuronske mreže opisane su u pogledu strukture, procesa učenja i vrednovanja detekcije objekata. Predstavljena su rješenja detekcije objekata temeljena na konvolucijskim neuronskim mrežama u obliku algoritama s pristupom u dva i u jednom koraku. Iz algoritama s pristupom u jednom koraku izdvojen je i pobliže opisan YOLO algoritam s naglaskom na svoju najnoviju inačicu YOLOv7. YOLOv7 model učen je detekciji tumora na mokraćnom mjehuru na skupovima podataka koji su se sastojali od CT i MRI slikovnih zapisa frontalnog, horizontalnog i sagitalnog presjeka trbušne šupljine. Učenje za pojedini presjek vršeno je odvojeno i rezultiralo je srednjom prosječnom preciznošću od 94.4%, 85.6% i 96.1% za frontalni, horizontalni i sagitalni presjek, redom. Ispitivanjem modela na novim, modelu nepoznatim, slikama utvrđena je uspješna detekcija karcinoma mokraćnog mjehura.This master's thesis describes urinary bladder cancer detection using YOLO (You Only Look Once) algorithm. It describes the problem of computer vision, object detection, and the role of using convolutional neural networks as its solution. Convolutional neural networks are described in the means of their structure, training process, and object detection evaluation. Solutions of object detection based on convolutional neural networks are introduced as one- and two-stage approach algorithms. From one-stage approach algorithms YOLO algorithm has been chosen and described in more detail with emphasis on its newest version YOLOv7. A YOLOv7 model has been trained to detect tumor on the urinary bladder by using datasets that consisted of CT and MRI images of frontal, horizontal and sagittal plane of the abdomen. Learning process for each plane has been performed separately and it has resulted in 94.4%, 85.6%, and 96.1% mean average precision for frontal, horizontal and sagittal plane, respectively. Model testing on new, to the model unknown, images concluded in successful detection of the urinary bladder cancer