A Classroom-Based Investigation into Pre-Service EFL Teachers’ Evolving Understandings of a Plurilingual Pedagogy to Foreign Language Education

In spite of ample research evidence indicating the need for a paradigm shift in language education, there is still a great discrepancy between the principles of plurilingual and intercultural education promoted by the applied linguistics literature and the reality of everyday language teaching and learning in schools. These research findings point especially towards the need for investigating the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in pre- and in-service language teacher education. This paper presents findings of a classroom-based investigation into the professional development paths of five pre-service English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers, as they learned how to translate concepts of plurilingualism and plurilingual education studied at University into their situated practice in schools. Five case studies were carried out in four primary schools and one secondary school in Germany. Research data were collected via the following ethnographic research instruments: classroom observations and field notes, video recording of school lessons, in-depth interviews with pre- and in-service teachers, pre-service teachers’ reflective journals, anonymous questionnaires, and focus group interviews with learners. The study has produced findings that reveal important aspects of the development of teacher cognition in connection to the integration of plurilingual-inspired pedagogies into the EFL curriculum, the challenges associated with adopting an innovative approach to language education and the new competencies that are needed in this context.Zahlreiche Forschungsergebnisse wiesen bereits auf die Notwendigkeit eines Paradigmenwechsels im Sprachunterricht hin. Dennoch besteht immer noch eine große Diskrepanz zwischen den Prinzipien des mehrsprachigen und interkulturellen Unterrichts, die in der Fachliteratur der Angewandten Linguistik empfohlen werden, und der Realität im alltäglichen Sprachunterricht an Schulen. Die Ergebnisse weisen im Besonderen auf die Notwendigkeit hin, die pädagogischen Lücken zu untersuchen, die bei der Aus- und Weiterbildung von Sprachlehrern/innen adressiert werden müssen. In diesem Artikel werden die Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie mit fünf Lehramtsstudenten/innen für Englisch als Fremdsprache (EFL) vorgestellt, die im Rahmen des Studiums gelernte Konzepte der Mehrsprachigkeit und des mehrsprachigen Unterrichts in ihre Praxis im Schulunterricht umgesetzt haben. Fünf Fallstudien wurden in vier Grundschulen und einer weiterführenden Schule in Deutschland durchgeführt. Die Forschungsdaten wurden mit Hilfe der folgenden ethnografischen Forschungsinstrumente gesammelt: Beobachtungen und Feldnotizen im Klassenzimmer, Videoaufzeichnung des Schulunterrichts, Interviews mit Lehrern und Lehramtsstudenten/innen, reflektierende Tagebücher von Lehramtsstudenten/innen, anonyme Fragebögen sowie Fokusgruppen mit den Lernenden. Die Studie hat Ergebnisse erzielt, die wichtige Aspekte hinsichtlich (a) der Erkenntnisentwicklung von Lehrern im Zusammenhang der Umsetzung eines mehrsprachigkeits¬sensiblen Englischunterrichts, (b) der Herausforderungen bei der Einführung eines innovativen Ansatzes im Sprachunterricht, sowie (c) der neu benötigten Kompetenzen in diesem Zusammenhang aufzeigen.Peer Reviewe

EXPANSION STRATEGIES AND CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT ON THE FRONTIER OF PARÁ: an analysis of the 1966 “Operation Amazon”

ESTRATÉGIAS DE EXPANSÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO CAPITALISTA NA FRONTEIRA DO PARÁ: uma análise da “Operação Amazônia” de 1966EXPANSIÓN Y ESTRATEGIAS DE DESARROLLO CAPITALISTA EN LA FRONTERA DE PARÁ: un análisis de la “Operación Amazonia” de 1966ABSTRACTBetween 1966 and 1979, in an atmosphere of conflict, the frontier in the state of Pará was opened, through major agricultural and developmental projects that were benefited by the institutionalization of “Operation Amazon”. The central objective of the article is to investigate the dynamics of the penetration, occupation and advance of capital in and around the territory of the frontiers in Pará, the basis of which, as from the 1960s, was “Operation Amazon”. This choice of theme was made possible in that there was an apparent need to demonstrate the dynamics of expanding the frontier on capitalist bases. From a methodological viewpoint, the research was developed using a deductive approach, since it seeks to understand the historical foundations of the dynamics that established and expanded the frontier in Pará on capitalist bases; and, also, the inductive method, because it was considered essential to understand the particular, yet predominant, role of “Operation Amazon” within the context of capital development. In addition, the present work will make use of exploratory analysis and seek as much information as possible using the qualitative research technique. “Operation Amazon” demonstrated that the frontier is also a social relation of production, precisely because the structure of this society under construction - in a social, cultural and, particularly, economic perspective - across the territory in which it is expanding, despite suffering some resistance, is dominated by the logic of capital accumulation, as seen in the contemporary Brazilian Amazon.Keywords: Frontier; The State of Pará; “Operation Amazon”; Capital.RESUMONo Estado do Pará, a abertura da fronteira ocorreu de forma conflituosa, entre as décadas de 1966-1979, através dos grandes projetos agropecuários e desenvolvimentistas beneficiados pela institucionalização da “Operação Amazônia”. O objetivo fundamental do artigo é investigar a dinâmica de penetração, ocupação e avanço do capital no território de fronteira do Pará, tendo como base para isso a “Operação Amazônia” a partir da década de 60. A escolha do tema tornou-se possível na medida em que ficou explícita a necessidade de demonstrar a dinâmica de expansão da fronteira em bases capitalistas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o método utilizado para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa envolve o método dedutivo, pois procura compreender os fundamentos históricos da dinâmica de consolidação e expansão da fronteira em bases capitalistas no Pará; e, também, o método indutivo porque considera imprescindível entender o papel particular, porém prepondente da “Operação Amazônia” no contexto de desenvolvimento do capital. Ademais, o presente trabalho fará uso de análise do tipo exploratória e buscará o maior número possível de informações utilizando a técnica de pesquisa do tipo qualitativa. A “Operação Amazônia” demonstrou que a fronteira é também uma relação social de produção, justamente porque a estrutura desta sociedade em construção – no âmbito social, cultural e, principalmente, econômico – no território em que a mesma está se expandido, mesmo sofrendo alguma resistência, é dominada pela lógica de acumulação do capital, como se vê contemporaneidade da Amazônia brasileira.Palavras-chave: Fronteira; Estado do Pará; “Operação Amazônia”; Capital.RESUMENEn el estado de Pará, la apertura de la frontera se produjo de manera conflictiva, entre las décadas de 1966-1979, a través de los grandes proyectos agrícolas y de desarrollo beneficiados por la institucionalización de la “Operación Amazonia”. El objetivo fundamental del artículo es investigar la dinámica de penetración, ocupación y avance del capital en el territorio fronterizo de Pará, teniendo como base para esto la “Operación Amazonia” de la década de 1960. La elección del tema se hizo posible en el en la medida en que se hizo explícita la necesidad de demostrar la dinámica de expandir la frontera en las bases capitalistas. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, el método utilizado para el desarrollo de esta investigación implica el método deductivo, ya que busca comprender los fundamentos históricos de la dinámica de consolidación y expansión de la frontera en las bases capitalistas en Pará; y, también, el método inductivo porque considera esencial comprender el papel particular, pero predominante, de la “Operación Amazonia” en el contexto del desarrollo del capital. Además, el presente trabajo utilizará análisis exploratorios y buscará la mayor cantidad de información posible utilizando la técnica de investigación cualitativa. La “Operación Amazonas” demostró que la frontera es también una relación social de producción, precisamente porque la estructura de esta sociedad en construcción – en el ámbito social, cultural y, principalmente, económico – en el territorio en el que se expande, incluso sufre algunos resistencia, está dominada por la lógica de la acumulación de capital, como se ve en la Amazonia brasileña contemporánea.Palabras clave: Frontera; Estado de Pará; “Operación Amazonia”; Capital.ESTRATÉGIAS DE EXPANSÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO CAPITALISTA NA FRONTEIRA DO PARÁ: uma análise da “Operação Amazônia” de 1966EXPANSIÓN Y ESTRATEGIAS DE DESARROLLO CAPITALISTA EN LA FRONTERA DE PARÁ: un análisis de la “Operación Amazonia” de 1966ABSTRACTBetween 1966 and 1979, in an atmosphere of conflict, the frontier in the state of Pará was opened, through major agricultural and developmental projects that were benefited by the institutionalization of “Operation Amazon”. The central objective of the article is to investigate the dynamics of the penetration, occupation and advance of capital in and around the territory of the frontiers in Pará, the basis of which, as from the 1960s, was “Operation Amazon”. This choice of theme was made possible in that there was an apparent need to demonstrate the dynamics of expanding the frontier on capitalist bases. From a methodological viewpoint, the research was developed using a deductive approach, since it seeks to understand the historical foundations of the dynamics that established and expanded the frontier in Pará on capitalist bases; and, also, the inductive method, because it was considered essential to understand the particular, yet predominant, role of “Operation Amazon” within the context of capital development. In addition, the present work will make use of exploratory analysis and seek as much information as possible using the qualitative research technique. “Operation Amazon” demonstrated that the frontier is also a social relation of production, precisely because the structure of this society under construction - in a social, cultural and, particularly, economic perspective - across the territory in which it is expanding, despite suffering some resistance, is dominated by the logic of capital accumulation, as seen in the contemporary Brazilian Amazon.Keywords: Frontier; The State of Pará; “Operation Amazon”; Capital.RESUMONo Estado do Pará, a abertura da fronteira ocorreu de forma conflituosa, entre as décadas de 1966-1979, através dos grandes projetos agropecuários e desenvolvimentistas beneficiados pela institucionalização da “Operação Amazônia”. O objetivo fundamental do artigo é investigar a dinâmica de penetração, ocupação e avanço do capital no território de fronteira do Pará, tendo como base para isso a “Operação Amazônia” a partir da década de 60. A escolha do tema tornou-se possível na medida em que ficou explícita a necessidade de demonstrar a dinâmica de expansão da fronteira em bases capitalistas. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o método utilizado para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa envolve o método dedutivo, pois procura compreender os fundamentos históricos da dinâmica de consolidação e expansão da fronteira em bases capitalistas no Pará; e, também, o método indutivo porque considera imprescindível entender o papel particular, porém prepondente da “Operação Amazônia” no contexto de desenvolvimento do capital. Ademais, o presente trabalho fará uso de análise do tipo exploratória e buscará o maior número possível de informações utilizando a técnica de pesquisa do tipo qualitativa. A “Operação Amazônia” demonstrou que a fronteira é também uma relação social de produção, justamente porque a estrutura desta sociedade em construção – no âmbito social, cultural e, principalmente, econômico – no território em que a mesma está se expandido, mesmo sofrendo alguma resistência, é dominada pela lógica de acumulação do capital, como se vê contemporaneidade da Amazônia brasileira.Palavras-chave: Fronteira; Estado do Pará; “Operação Amazônia”; Capital.RESUMENEn el estado de Pará, la apertura de la frontera se produjo de manera conflictiva, entre las décadas de 1966-1979, a través de los grandes proyectos agrícolas y de desarrollo beneficiados por la institucionalización de la “Operación Amazonia”. El objetivo fundamental del artículo es investigar la dinámica de penetración, ocupación y avance del capital en el territorio fronterizo de Pará, teniendo como base para esto la “Operación Amazonia” de la década de 1960. La elección del tema se hizo posible en el en la medida en que se hizo explícita la necesidad de demostrar la dinámica de expandir la frontera en las bases capitalistas. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, el método utilizado para el desarrollo de esta investigación implica el método deductivo, ya que busca comprender los fundamentos históricos de la dinámica de consolidación y expansión de la frontera en las bases capitalistas en Pará; y, también, el método inductivo porque considera esencial comprender el papel particular, pero predominante, de la “Operación Amazonia” en el contexto del desarrollo del capital. Además, el presente trabajo utilizará análisis exploratorios y buscará la mayor cantidad de información posible utilizando la técnica de investigación cualitativa. La “Operación Amazonas” demostró que la frontera es también una relación social de producción, precisamente porque la estructura de esta sociedad en construcción – en el ámbito social, cultural y, principalmente, económico – en el territorio en el que se expande, incluso sufre algunos resistencia, está dominada por la lógica de la acumulación de capital, como se ve en la Amazonia brasileña contemporánea.Palabras clave: Frontera; Estado de Pará; “Operación Amazonia”; Capital

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Eintrag aus WSK Sprachdidaktik. Erstsprache, Zweitsprache, Fremdsprache. Ein Lern- und Konsultationswörterbuch mit systematischer Einleitung und englischen Übersetzungen

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Eintrag aus WSK Sprachdidaktik. Erstsprache, Zweitsprache, Fremdsprache. Ein Lern- und Konsultationswörterbuch mit systematischer Einleitung und englischen Übersetzungen

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Eintrag aus WSK Sprachdidaktik. Erstsprache, Zweitsprache, Fremdsprache. Ein Lern- und Konsultationswörterbuch mit systematischer Einleitung und englischen Übersetzungen

KEYNES’ CRITIQUE OF THE CLASSICAL AND NEOCLASSICAL THEORIES OF THE RATE OF INTEREST

The classical theory of the rate of interest is the theory that mainstream economists inherited chiefly from Marshall, Ricardo and Wicksell, and is also this same theory that John Maynard Keynes criticizes in his General Theory for presenting an explanation centered solely on the special case of full employment. Despite the difficulties, Keynes offered a scathing critique of the theory of the rate of interest from both classical and neoclassical economists. This was only made possible because the traditional rationale of these economists remained imprisoned by the trap set by Say's Law. Therefore, within this context, the main objective of this paper is to undertake a critical analysis of Keynes regarding the classical general theory of the rate of interest, through which we may then demonstrate the points on which he was in disagreement with the neoclassical school. The main conclusion is that Keynes considered that traditional analysis is defective because it was unable to identify the independent variables of the system. Indeed, savings and investment are determined variables and not the determinants of the dynamics of the capitalist economic system. Such determined variables are the twin product of the true determinants, i.e., from the propensity to consume, from the scale of the marginal efficiency of capital and from the interest rates, and this is why the flow of investments tends to expand until the marginal efficiency of capital remains at the rate of interest.The classical theory of the rate of interest is the theory that mainstream economists inherited chiefly from Marshall, Ricardo and Wicksell, and is also this same theory that John Maynard Keynes criticizes in his General Theory for presenting an explanation centered solely on the special case of full employment. Despite the difficulties, Keynes offered a scathing critique of the theory of the rate of interest from both classical and neoclassical economists. This was only made possible because the traditional rationale of these economists remained imprisoned by the trap set by Say's Law. Therefore, within this context, the main objective of this paper is to undertake a critical analysis of Keynes regarding the classical general theory of the rate of interest, through which we may then demonstrate the points on which he was in disagreement with the neoclassical school. The main conclusion is that Keynes considered that traditional analysis is defective because it was unable to identify the independent variables of the system. Indeed, savings and investment are determined variables and not the determinants of the dynamics of the capitalist economic system. Such determined variables are the twin product of the true determinants, i.e., from the propensity to consume, from the scale of the marginal efficiency of capital and from the interest rates, and this is why the flow of investments tends to expand until the marginal efficiency of capital remains at the rate of interest

Determinação da época de colheita de linhagens de arroz irrigado desenvolvidas pelo Programa de Melhoramento da Embrapa.

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o momento ideal de colheita de quatro linhagens de arroz irrigado desenvolvidas pela Embrapa em processo final de avaliação.bitstream/CNPAF-2009-09/27594/1/comt_152.pd

The logic of the valorization of natural resources in Brazil: historical relationship between the electricity sector and the mining industry in the Amazon

O presente artigo procura traçar uma análise do ponto de vista histórico para, posteriormente, compreender a relação econômica entre os fenômenos históricos ocorridos no Governo Militar e, recentemente, no governo do ex-presidente, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Nestas condições, o artigo procura concentrar sua análise no entendimento da relação entre o setor elétrico e o setor mineral na Amazônia brasileira, principalmente na Amazônia Oriental. A principal conclusão é que a Amazônia brasileira e Oriental que impacta (in)diretamente no desenvolvimento do setor elétrico e no setor mineral do país. Contudo, há espaço para a promoção de uma conexão muito mais íntima entre esses setores e, é claro, um potencial intenso para a exploração de reservas minerais, inclusive, com a perspectiva de verticalização da produção e geração de emprego, renda e agregação de valor para a economia nacional e regional