Tempeh flour as a substitute for soybean flour in coconut cookies.

The objective of this study was to prepare roasted and lyophilized tempeh flour with soybean cultivar BRS 267 to apply them in the formulation of coconut biscuits. The cookies produced with whole soy flour and mixed flour of soybean and tempeh were evaluated for proximate composition, fatty acid profile, and isoflavone aglycones in order to verify the effects of inoculation with the fungus Rhizopus oligosporus and those of the drying processes of roasting and lyophilization on the chemical characteristics of the final product. Sensory acceptance and purchase intention of the formulated products were also evaluated. The results indicate the maintenance of linolenic acid, which is important in the prevention of coronary diseases, and an increase in the aglycones levels when the tempeh flour was used. Lipids and proteins showed differences, and the sensory analyses demonstrated similarity between the cookies with satisfactory scores for aroma, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability for both samples. when compared to the control. Purchase intent was also positive for the lyophilized and toasted tempeh flours, thus enabling the use of the roasting process as a simple drying method, for processing tempeh and obtaining a flour rich in proteins and aglycones that can be used as a partial substitute for soy flour in cookies and other bakery products

Exantema após vacinação do sarampo: análise laboratorial de casos notificados em São Paulo

OBJECTIVE: The clinical differential diagnosis of rash due to viral infections is often difficult, and misdiagnosis is not rare, especially after the introduction of measles and rubella vaccination. A study to determine the etiological diagnosis of exanthema was carried out in a group of children after measles vaccination. METHODS: Sera collected from children with rash who received measles vaccine were reported in 1999. They were analyzed for IgM antibodies against measles virus, rubella virus, human parvovirus B19 (HPV B19) using ELISA commercial techniques, and human herpes virus 6 (HHV 6) using immunofluorescence commercial technique. Viremia for each of those viruses was tested using a polimerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: A total of 17 cases of children with exanthema after measles immunization were reported in 1999. The children, aged 9 to 12 months (median 10 months), had a blood sample taken for laboratory analysis. The time between vaccination and the first rash signs varied from 1 to 60 days. The serological results of those 17 children suspected of measles or rubella infection showed the following etiological diagnosis: 17.6% (3 in 17) HPV B19 infection; 76.5% (13 in 17) HHV 6 infection; 5.9% (1 in 17) rash due to measles vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The study data indicate that infection due to HPV B19 or HHV 6 can be misdiagnosed as exanthema due to measles vaccination. Therefore, it is important to better characterize the etiology of rash in order to avoid attributing it incorrectly to measles vaccine.OBJETIVO: O diagnóstico diferencial de doenças exantemáticas causadas por vírus é geralmente difícil, e equívocos não são raros, especialmente depois da introdução da vacina contra o sarampo e a rubéola. Um estudo laboratorial foi conduzido com o objetivo de estabelecer o diagnóstico etiológico de casos de exantema em crianças que receberam a vacina contra o sarampo. MÉTODOS: Soros de casos de exantema em crianças que receberam vacina contra o sarampo, em 1999, foram analisados para anticorpos IgM contra os vírus do sarampo, da rubéola e do parvovírus humano B19 (HPV B19), por técnicas comerciais de Elisa, e o herpes vírus humano tipo 6 (HHV 6), por técnica comercial de imunofluorecência. A viremia para cada um desses vírus foi testada pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). RESULTADOS: Foram notificados, em 1999, 17 casos de crianças com exantema pós-vacinal. A idade das crianças era de nove a 12 meses (mediana, dez meses). Uma amostra de sangue colhida para investigação laboratorial foi obtida para cada criança. O tempo decorrido entre a aplicação da vacina e o aparecimento do exantema variou de um a 60 dias. Os resultados da sorologia das 17 crianças sugeriram o seguinte diagnóstico etiológico para o exantema: 17,6% (três em 17) infecção pelo HPV B19; 76,5% (13 em 17) infecção pelo HHV 6; 5,9% (um em 17) exantema originado pela vacina do sarampo. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicaram que a infecção pelo HPV B19 ou pelo HHV 6 pode ser diagnosticada como sarampo de origem vacinal. Portanto, é fundamental incluir esses vírus no diagnóstico laboratorial para corretamente apontar a etiologia das doenças exantemáticas, evitando, assim, atribuir à vacina do sarampo efeito colateral

Linhagem celular RC-IAL: sensibilidade de crescimento do vírus da rubéola

OBJECTIVE: The rapid growth of the rubella virus in RC-IAL² with development of cytopathic effect, in response to rubella virus infection, is described. For purposes of comparison, the rubella virus RA-27/3 strain was titered simultaneously in the RC-IAL, Vero, SIRC and RK13 cell lines. METHODS: Rubella virus RA-27/3 strain are inoculated in the RC-IAL cell line (rabbit Kidney, Institute Adolfo Lutz). Plates containing 1.5x10(5) cells/ml of RC-IAL line were inoculated with 0.1ml s RA-27/3 strain virus containing 1x 10(4)TCID50/0.1ml. A 25% cytopathic effect was observed after 48 hours and 100% after 96 hours. The results obtained were compared to those observed with the SIRC, Vero and RK13 cell lines. Rubella virus was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: With the results, it was possible to conclude that the RC-IAL cell line is a very good substrate for culturing rubella virus. The cells inoculated with rubella virus were examined by phase contrast microscopy and showed the characteristic rounded, bipolar and multipolar cells. The CPE in RC-IAL was observed in the first 48 hours and the curve of the increased infectivity was practically the same as observed in other cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are important since this is one the few cell lines described in the literature with a cytopathic effect. So it can be used for antigen preparation and serological testing for the diagnosis of specific rubella antibodies.OBJETIVO: Descreve-se o crescimento do vírus-padrão da rubéola RA-27/3 na linhagem celular RC-IAL, com desenvolvimento de efeito citopático em resposta à infecção viral. Para este propósito, o vírus-padrão foi titulado simultaneamente nas linhagens celulares Vero, SIRC e RK13. MÉTODOS: O vírus-padrão da rubéola RA-27/3 foi inoculado na linhagem celular RC-IAL (rim de coelho, Instituto Adolfo Lutz). Placas contendo 1,5x10(5) células/ml foram inoculadas com 0,1 ml do vírus contendo 1x10(4) DICT50/0,1 ml. O efeito citopático correspondente a 25% foi observado após 48 h e 100% após 96 h. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com o crescimento do vírus nas linhagens celulares SIRC, Vero e RK13. O vírus da rubéola na linhagem celular RC-IAL foi detectado por imuno-histoquímica. RESULTADOS: As células inoculadas com o vírus da rubéola apresentaram efeito citopático nas primeiras 48h. As células apresentaram aspecto arredondado, com formação de alguns prolongamentos citoplasmáticos e sincícios, produzindo células multinucleadas. A curva do crescimento da infectividade do vírus foi praticamente a mesma que a observada nas outras linhagens celulares. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos mostram que a linhagem celular RC-IAL é um ótimo substrato para crescimento do vírus da rubéola, pois poucas linhagens celulares descritas na literatura apresentam efeito citopático considerável e podem ser utilizadas para preparação de antígenos e nos testes de diagnóstico sorológico para o vírus da rubéola

1666c Marel: the italian network on work-related diseases

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The SOCS3-independent expression of IDO2 supports the homeostatic generation of T regulatory cells by human dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that have a role in the initiation of adaptive immune responses and tolerance. Among the tolerogenic mechanisms, the expression of the enzyme IDO1 represents an effective tool to generate T regulatory cells. In humans, different DC subsets express IDO1, but less is known about the IDO1-related enzyme IDO2. In this study, we found a different pattern of expression and regulation between IDO1 and IDO2 in human circulating DCs. At the protein level, IDO1 is expressed only in circulating myeloid DCs (mDCs) and is modulated by PGE2, whereas IDO2 is expressed in both mDCs and plasmacytoid DCs and is not modulated by PGE2. In healthy subjects, IDO1 expression requires the presence of PGE2 and needs continuous transcription and translation, whereas IDO2 expression is constitutive, independent from suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 activity. Conversely, in patients suffering from inflammatory arthritis, circulating DCs express both IDO1 and IDO2. At the functional level, both mDCs and plasmacytoid DCs generate T regulatory cells through an IDO1/IDO2-dependent mechanism. We conclude that, in humans, whereas IDO1 provides an additional mechanism of tolerance induced by proinflammatory mediators, IDO2 is stably expressed in steady-state conditions and may contribute to the homeostatic tolerogenic capacity of DCs

SACRAL NEUROMODULATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LOWER URINARY TRACT DYSFUNCTIONS: A NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Hypothesis / aims of study Currently, sacral neuromodulation (SNM) stands as the single licensed second-line treatment for the management of intractable overactive bladder syndrome (OAB). SNM can be considered a promising, potential solution to bladder dysfunctions which have a serious impact on patients\u2019 health status and quality of life, in carefully selected patients. However several questions are still unanswered, regarding the following topic: patient selection, prognostic factors, mechanism of action, complications and revision rates, effects on central and peripheral nervous system. Neurophysiology studies could be employed to provide more evidence on SNM mechanism of action and peripheral effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and neurophysiologic characteristics of patients with lower urinary tract dysfunctions (LUTD) undergone SNM implant trying to better understand neurophysiologic modification pre- and post-implant, defining responders\u2019 pre-implant neurophysiological characteristics. Study design, materials and methods Data (demographics, medical history,urologic investigations, and diagnosis) from all patients attending our institution from February 2006 to September 2009 for a SNM implant were collected. All patients underwent a pre-implant neurophysiologic evaluation as follows: Pudendal Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (PN-SSEPs); bilateral external anal sphincter electromyography (EAS-EMG); evaluation of the bilateral pudendal-anal reflex (PAR); Electromyographic and neurographic studies of lower limbs. A post-implant neurophysiological evaluation was performed in all implant removal candidates. For comparison Student's t test was used. Results A total of 22 consecutive patients (mean age 63.1 years) attending our institution (19 women and 3 men), with refractory overactive bladder (OAB) (54.5%), non-obstructive urinary retention (UR) (27.3%), mixed urinary incontinence (9.1%); chronic pelvic pain (CPP) (9.1%) underwent a permanent SNM implant. At a mean follow-up of 3.5 months (range 2-24 months), half of the patients have their implants removed (tables I-II). Table III shows pre- and post-implant PN-SSEPs findings in patients with durable beneficial from SNM. In patients undergone implant removal, values of PN-SSEPs, EAS-EMG and PAR were normal apart one case with an increase in bilateral pudendal nerve latency. Figure I shows pre-implant EAS-EMG findings in patients having beneficial from SNM. Pre-implant EAS-EMG findings were normal in 90.9% of patient undergone implant removal. Table IV summarizes pre- and post-implant R1 and R2 latencies of PAR in patients with effective SNM implant. Interpretation of results The greater effectiveness of SNM has been observed in patients with neurological damage neurophysiologically documented. To date there are no definitive data about the exact mechanism of action of SNM although it is conceivable a modulation on the somato-sensory afferents as well as a secondary effect on both somatic (pudendal nerve) and autonomic efferent motor pathways. Concluding message Our results suggest that the neurophysiologic exploration of the pelvic floor is an important step for the identification of suitable candidates for treatment with SNM. Further well-designed trials are needed in order to better define the role of neurophysiology in SNM, not just in identifying appropriate candidates for intervention, but also to guide the surgeon in more accurate positioning of the electrodes, using intraoperative monitoring, and to change the parameters of stimulation in patients unresponsive to treatment. Table I. Characteristics of patients undergon

CD40 Activity on Mesenchymal Cells Negatively Regulates OX40L to Maintain Bone Marrow Immune Homeostasis Under Stress Conditions

Background: Within the bone marrow (BM), mature T cells are maintained under homeostatic conditions to facilitate proper hematopoietic development. This homeostasis depends upon a peculiar elevated frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and immune regulatory activities from BM-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). In response to BM transplantation (BMT), the conditioning regimen exposes the BM to a dramatic induction of inflammatory cytokines and causes an unbalanced T-effector (Teff) and Treg ratio. This imbalance negatively impacts hematopoiesis, particularly in regard to B-cell lymphopoiesis that requires an intact cross-talk between BM-MSCs and Tregs. The mechanisms underlying the ability of BM-MSCs to restore Treg homeostasis and proper B-cell development are currently unknown. Methods: We studied the role of host radio-resistant cell-derived CD40 in restoring Teff/Treg homeostasis and proper B-cell development in a murine model of BMT. We characterized the host cellular source of CD40 and performed radiation chimera analyses by transplanting WT or Cd40-KO with WT BM in the presence of T-reg and co-infusing WT or - Cd40-KO BM-MSCs. Residual host and donor T cell expansion and activation (cytokine production) and also the expression of Treg fitness markers and conversion to Th17 were analyzed. The presence of Cd40+ BM-MSCs was analyzed in a human setting in correlation with the frequency of B-cell precursors in patients who underwent HSCT and variably developed acute graft-versus-host (aGVDH) disease. Results: CD40 expression is nearly undetectable in the BM, yet a Cd40-KO recipient of WT donor chimera exhibited impaired B-cell lymphopoiesis and Treg development. Lethal irradiation promotes CD40 and OX40L expression in radio-resistant BM-MSCs through the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. OX40L favors Teff expansion and activation at the expense of Tregs; however, the expression of CD40 dampens OX40L expression and restores Treg homeostasis, thus facilitating proper B-cell development. Indeed, in contrast to dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid organs that require CD40 triggers to express OX40L, BM-MSCs require CD40 to inhibit OX40L expression. Conclusions: CD40+ BM-MSCs are immune regulatory elements within BM. Loss of CD40 results in uncontrolled T cell activation due to a reduced number of Tregs, and B-cell development is consequently impaired. GVHD provides an example of how a loss of CD40+ BM-MSCs and a reduction in B-cell precursors may occur in a human setting

Risk Factors for operated carpal tunnel syndrome: a multicenter population-based case-control study

This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/34

De novo transcriptome profiling of highly purified human lymphocytes primary cells

To help better understand the role of long noncoding RNAs in the human immune system, we recently generated a comprehensive RNA-seq data set using 63 RNA samples from 13 subsets of T (CD4(+)\u2009naive, CD4(+)\u2009TH1, CD4(+)\u2009TH2, CD4(+)\u2009TH17, CD4(+)\u2009Treg, CD4(+)\u2009TCM, CD4(+)\u2009TEM, CD8(+)\u2009TCM, CD8(+)\u2009TEM, CD8(+)\u2009naive) and B (B naive, B memory, B CD5(+)) lymphocytes. There were five biological replicates for each subset except for CD8(+)\u2009TCM and B CD5(+)\u2009populations that included 4 replicates. RNA-Seq data were generated by an Illumina HiScanSQ sequencer using the TruSeq v3 Cluster kit. 2.192 billion of paired-ends reads, 2 7100\u2009bp, were sequenced and after filtering a total of about 1.7 billion reads were mapped. Using different de novo transcriptome reconstruction techniques over 500 previously unknown lincRNAs were identified. The current data set could be exploited to drive the functional characterization of lincRNAs, identify novel genes and regulatory networks associated with specific cells subsets of the human immune system