Infecciones urinarias y trasplante renal: Factores de riesgo y modelo predictivo

Introducción: Las infecciones del tracto urinario (ITU) representan la causa más frecuente de infección después del trasplante renal. Identificar los factores de riesgo de las ITU e intentar establecer un modelo para predecirlas podría evitar la aparición de las mismas o su recurrencia. Objetivos: El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue analizar la frecuencia de ITU en pacientes trasplantados renales en el primer año postrasplante, así como los factores de riesgo más importantes de las mismas, con el fin de establecer un modelo predictivo (nomograma). Los objetivos secundarios fueron los siguientes: analizar la frecuencia de ITU durante el ingreso, tras el alta y un mes postrasplante, así como los factores de riesgo relacionados y establecer modelos predictivos para cada uno de estos periodos; analizar la frecuencia de ITU recurrentes y recidivantes; analizar la tasa de rehospitalizaciones secundarias a ITU; analizar la relación de ITU con la supervivencia del injerto y del paciente. Métodos: En este trabajo desarrollamos un estudio analítico, observacional, retrospectivo de cohorte, en el que se recogieron datos de pacientes trasplantados renales de forma consecutiva, desde el 1 de enero de 2012 hasta el 31 de julio de 2014, en el Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga. Analizamos la incidencia de ITU durante el primer año postrasplante, así como otras variables clínicas. El análisis comparativo de grupos se realizó mediante el test de t-Student y Chi-cuadrado. Para el análisis de supervivencia se aplicó el método de Kaplan-Meier. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a las ITU que ocurrieron durante el ingreso. Se estimaron modelos de riesgo proporcionales por el método de regresión de Cox para analizar los factores de riesgo de las ITU que se presentaron en el primer año postrasplante, después del alta y un mes tras la cirugía. A partir de estos modelos de regresión se realizó un nomograma para calcular la probabilidad de ITU en cada grupo (ITU en el primer año postrasplante, durante el ingreso, tras el alta y un mes postrasplante), así como la curva ROC correspondiente. Se utilizó el modelo “hurdle” para estudiar los factores de riesgo asociados al número de ITU en cada paciente. El tratamiento estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS 15.0 y con el ALcEst 1.9.26. Resultados: En este trabajo estudiamos datos de 322 pacientes trasplantados renales, el 66.1% varones, con una media de edad de 52.2 ± 13.2 años. La frecuencia de ITU durante el primer año fue del 46.27%. Dada la correlación existente entre función retrasada del injerto (FRI) y tiempo en diálisis, realizamos dos modelos de regresión de Cox multivariantes. En el primer modelo incluimos el sexo femenino, la edad del receptor y la FRI (HR 1.73, IC 95% 1.24-2.40, p<0.001; HR 1.01, IC 1-1.03, p<0.05; HR 1.6, IC 1.14-2.22, p<0.01, respectivamente). En el segundo modelo incluimos el sexo femenino, la edad del receptor y el tiempo en diálisis (HR 1.79, IC 1.29–2.48, p<0.001; HR 1.02, IC 1–1.03, p<0.01; HR 1, IC 0.99–1.01, p=0.054, respectivamente). La frecuencia de ITU durante el ingreso fue del 15.21%, y los factores de riesgo más importantes analizados mediante regresión logística fueron la edad del donante, el tiempo en diálisis, la FRI y la retirada de la sonda vesical después de siete días (OR 1.03, IC 1–1.05, p<0.05; OR 1.01, IC 1-1.02, p=0.13; OR 2.64, IC 1.33–5.28, p<0.01; OR 3.55, IC 1.85–6.93, p<0.001, respectivamente). La frecuencia de ITU tras el alta fue del 37.57%. En este caso, mediante regresión de Cox, las variables más significativas fueron el sexo femenino y la edad del receptor (HR 2.1, IC 1.46-3.03, p<0.001; HR 1.02, IC 1-1.03, p<0.01, respectivamente). La frecuencia de ITU un mes postrasplante fue del 33.85%. Los factores más significativos para este periodo, mediante regresión de Cox, fueron el sexo femenino, la edad del receptor, el tiempo en diálisis y la presencia de ITU previa (HR 2.17, IC 1.48–3.17, p<0.001; HR 1.02, IC 1–1.03, p<0.01; HR 1, IC 0.99–1.01, p=0.32; HR 2.71, IC 1.83–4.02, p<0.001, respectivamente). Desarrollamos nomogramas para cada periodo, con sus correspondientes curvas ROC: en el primer año postrasplante (ABC=0.60 para el primer modelo, ABC=0.59 para el segundo modelo), durante el ingreso (ABC=0.74), tras el alta (ABC=0.59) y un mes después del trasplante (ABC=0.66). Los factores de riesgo más significativos relacionados con el número de ITU en cada paciente, mediante el modelo Hurdle, fueron el sexo masculino, la diálisis peritoneal y la terapia con inducción, principalmente con Timoglobulina (p=0.068; p<0.05; p<0.05, respectivamente). La frecuencia de ITU recurrente fue del 4.03%, y recidivante del 20.49%. Fueron necesarios 77 ingresos por pielonefritis, y en 12 de estos ingresos se presentó sepsis urológica. No encontramos diferencias en la supervivencia de pacientes y de injertos entre los grupos con y sin ITU, sin embargo sí se apreciaron diferencias entre ambos grupos en el filtrado glomerular, aunque esta diferencia se perdió en el análisis multivariante. Conclusiones: La incidencia de ITU durante el primer año postrasplante es elevada. Los factores de riesgo más significativos para las ITU en los primeros doce meses postrasplante son el sexo femenino, la edad del receptor, la FRI y el tiempo en diálisis. Para las ITU que ocurren durante el ingreso, los factores más importantes son la edad del donante, el tiempo en diálisis, la FRI y la retirada de la sonda después de siete días. Las variables más significativas para las ITU que se presentan tras el alta, son el sexo femenino y la edad del receptor, y para las ITU que ocurren un mes postraplante también resulta significativo la presencia de alguna ITU previa. Los receptores de trasplante renal de sexo masculino, aquellos procedentes de diálisis peritoneal y los que han recibido terapia de inducción, tienen más posibilidades de presentar un mayor número de ITU durante el primer año postrasplante

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Fosfomycin for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Results from a Spanish Multicenter Cohort

Current guidelines recommend against systematic screening for or treating asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) among kidney transplant (KT) recipients, although the evidence regarding episodes occurring early after transplantation or in the presence of anatomical abnormalities is inconclusive. Oral fosfomycin may constitute a good option for the treatment of posttransplant AB, particularly due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogens. Available clinical evidence supporting its use in this specific setting, however, remains scarce. We performed a retrospective study in 14 Spanish institutions from January 2005 to December 2017. Overall, 137 episodes of AB diagnosed in 133 KT recipients treated with oral fosfomycin (calcium and trometamol salts) with a test-of-cure urine culture within the first 30 days were included. Median time from transplantation to diagnosis was 3.1 months (interquartile range [IQR], 1.1 to 10.5). Most episodes (96.4% [132/137]) were caused by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), and 56.9% (78/137) were categorized as MDR (extended?spectrum ??lactamase?producing Enterobacterales [20.4%] and carbapenem?resistant GNB [2.9%]). Rate of microbiological failure at month 1 was 40.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.9% to 48.9%) for the whole cohort and 42.3% (95% CI, 31.2% to 54.0%) for episodes due to MDR pathogens. Previous urinary tract infection (odds ratio [OR], 2.42; 95% CI, 1.11 to 5.29; P value = 0.027) and use of fosfomycin as salvage therapy (OR, 8.31; 95% CI, 1.67 to 41.35; P value = 0.010) were predictors of microbiological failure. No severe treatment-related adverse events were detected. Oral fosfomycin appears to be a suitable and safe alternative for the treatment (if indicated) of AB after KT, including those episodes due to MDR uropathogens.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013‐2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016), and Spanish Network for Research in Renal Diseases (REDInREN RD16/0009) and cofinanced by the European Development Regional Fund entitled A way to achieve Europe. M.F.-R. holds a research contract (Miguel Servet, CP18/00073), from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, ISCIII. Funding sources were not involved in the study design and conduction, data analysis, or manuscript preparation

Impact of HLA Mismatching on Early Subclinical Inflammation in Low-Immunological-Risk Kidney Transplant Recipients

The impact of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatching on the early appearance of subclinical inflammation (SCI) in low-immunological-risk kidney transplant (KT) recipients is undetermined. We aimed to assess whether HLA-mismatching (A-B-C-DR-DQ) is a risk factor for early SCI. As part of a clinical trial (Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT02284464), a total of 105 low-immunological-risk KT patients underwent a protocol biopsy on the third month post-KT. As a result, 54 presented SCI, showing a greater number of total HLA-mismatches (p = 0.008) and worse allograft function compared with the no inflammation group (48.5 ± 13.6 vs. 60 ± 23.4 mL/min; p = 0.003). Multiple logistic regression showed that the only risk factor associated with SCI was the total HLA-mismatch score (OR 1.32, 95%CI 1.06-1.64, p = 0.013) or class II HLA mismatching (OR 1.51; 95%CI 1.04-2.19, p = 0.032) after adjusting for confounder variables (recipient age, delayed graft function, transfusion prior KT, and tacrolimus levels). The ROC curve illustrated that the HLA mismatching of six antigens was the optimal value in terms of sensitivity and specificity for predicting the SCI. Finally, a significantly higher proportion of SCI was seen in patients with >6 vs. ≤6 HLA-mismatches (62.3 vs. 37.7%; p = 0.008). HLA compatibility is an independent risk factor associated with early SCI. Thus, transplant physicians should perhaps be more aware of HLA mismatching to reduce these early harmful lesions

Clinical Relevance of Corticosteroid Withdrawal on Graft Histological Lesions in Low-Immunological-Risk Kidney Transplant Patients

The impact of corticosteroid withdrawal on medium-term graft histological changes in kidney transplant (KT) recipients under standard immunosuppression is uncertain. As part of an open-label, multicenter, prospective, phase IV, 24-month clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02284464) in low-immunological-risk KT recipients, 105 patients were randomized, after a protocol-biopsy at 3 months, to corticosteroid continuation (CSC, n = 52) or corticosteroid withdrawal (CSW, n = 53). Both groups received tacrolimus and MMF and had another protocol-biopsy at 24 months. The acute rejection rate, including subclinical inflammation (SCI), was comparable between groups (21.2 vs. 24.5%). No patients developed dnDSA. Inflammatory and chronicity scores increased from 3 to 24 months in patients with, at baseline, no inflammation (NI) or SCI, regardless of treatment. CSW patients with SCI at 3 months had a significantly increased chronicity score at 24 months. HbA1c levels were lower in CSW patients (6.4 +/- 1.2 vs. 5.7 +/- 0.6%; p = 0.013) at 24 months, as was systolic blood pressure (134.2 +/- 14.9 vs. 125.7 +/- 15.3 mmHg; p = 0.016). Allograft function was comparable between groups and no patients died or lost their graft. An increase in chronicity scores at 2-years post-transplantation was observed in low-immunological-risk KT recipients with initial NI or SCI, but CSW may accelerate chronicity changes, especially in patients with early SCI. This strategy did, however, improve the cardiovascular profiles of patients

Oral fosfomycin for the treatment of lower urinary tract infections among kidney transplant recipients—Results of a Spanish multicenter cohort

Preliminary results of this study were presented at the 29th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID), held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, from 13 to 16 April, 2019 (oral communication O‐0699).Oral fosfomycin may constitute an alternative for the treatment of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), particularly in view of recent safety concerns with fluroquinolones. Specific data on the efficacy and safety of fosfomycin in KTR are scarce. We performed a retrospective study in 14 Spanish hospitals including KTRs treated with oral fosfomycin (calcium and trometamol salts) for posttransplant cystitis between January 2005 and December 2017. A total of 133 KTRs developed 143 episodes of cystitis. Most episodes (131 [91.6%]) were produced by gram‐negative bacilli (GNB), and 78 (54.5%) were categorized as multidrug resistant (including extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae [14%] or carbapenem‐resistant GNB [3.5%]). A median daily dose of 1.5 g of fosfomycin (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.5‐2) was administered for a median of 7 days (IQR: 3‐10). Clinical cure (remission of UTI‐attributable symptoms at the end of therapy) was achieved in 83.9% (120/143) episodes. Among those episodes with follow‐up urine culture, microbiological cure at month 1 was achieved in 70.2% (59/84) episodes. Percutaneous nephrostomy was associated with a lower probability of clinical cure (adjusted odds ratio: 10.50; 95% confidence interval: 0.98‐112.29; P = 0.052). In conclusion, fosfomycin is an effective orally available alternative for treating cystitis among KTRs.This study was supported by Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013‐2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016)—cofinanced by the European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe”; the Group for Study of Infection in Transplantation and the Immunocompromised Host (GESITRA‐IC) of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC); and the Spanish Network for Research in Renal Diseases (REDInREN RD16/0009). MFR holds a research contract “Miguel Servet” (CP 18/00073) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Instituto de Salud Carlos III

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Fosfomycin for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Results from a Spanish Multicenter Cohort

Current guidelines recommend against systematic screening for or treating asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) among kidney transplant (KT) recipients, although the evidence regarding episodes occurring early after transplantation or in the presence of anatomical abnormalities is inconclusive. Oral fosfomycin may constitute a good option for the treatment of posttransplant AB, particularly due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) uropathogens. Available clinical evidence supporting its use in this specific setting, however, remains scarce. We performed a retrospective study in 14 Spanish institutions from January 2005 to December 2017. Overall, 137 episodes of AB diagnosed in 133 KT recipients treated with oral fosfomycin (calcium and trometamol salts) with a test-of-cure urine culture within the first 30 days were included. Median time from transplantation to diagnosis was 3.1 months (interquartile range [IQR], 1.1 to 10.5). Most episodes (96.4% [132/137]) were caused by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), and 56.9% (78/137) were categorized as MDR (extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacterales [20.4%] and carbapenem‐resistant GNB [2.9%]). Rate of microbiological failure at month 1 was 40.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 31.9% to 48.9%) for the whole cohort and 42.3% (95% CI, 31.2% to 54.0%) for episodes due to MDR pathogens. Previous urinary tract infection (odds ratio [OR], 2.42; 95% CI, 1.11 to 5.29; P value = 0.027) and use of fosfomycin as salvage therapy (OR, 8.31; 95% CI, 1.67 to 41.35; P value = 0.010) were predictors of microbiological failure. No severe treatment-related adverse events were detected. Oral fosfomycin appears to be a suitable and safe alternative for the treatment (if indicated) of AB after KT, including those episodes due to MDR uropathogens.This study was supported by Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013‐2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16/0016), and Spanish Network for Research in Renal Diseases (REDInREN RD16/0009) and cofinanced by the European Development Regional Fund entitled A way to achieve Europe. M.F.-R. holds a research contract (Miguel Servet, CP18/00073), from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, ISCIII.Peer reviewe

Mortality in Elderly Waiting-List Patients Versus Age-Matched Kidney Transplant Recipients: Where is the Risk?

The number of elderly patients on the waiting list (WL) for kidney transplantation (KT) has risen significantly in recent years. Because KT offers a better survival than dialysis therapy, even in the elderly, candidates for KT should be selected carefully, particularly in older waitlisted patients. Identification of risk factors for death in WL patients and prediction of both perioperative risk and long-term post-transplant mortality are crucial for the proper allocation of organs and the clinical management of these patients in order to decrease mortality, both while on the WL and after KT. In this review, we examine the clinical results in studies concerning: a) risk factors for mortality in WL patients and KT recipients; 2) the benefits and risks of performing KT in the elderly, comparing survival between patients on the WL and KT recipients; and 3) clinical tools that should be used to assess the perioperative risk of mortality and predict long-term post-transplant survival. The acknowledgment of these concerns could contribute to better management of high-risk patients and prophylactic interventions to prolong survival in this particular population, provided a higher mortality is assumed

Recommendations on management of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) in kidney transplant patients

The SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) coronavirus pandemic is evolving very quickly and means a special risk for both immunosuppressed and comorbid patients. Knowledge about this growing infection is also increasing although many uncertainties remain, especially in the kidney transplant population. This manuscript presents a proposal for action with general and specific recommendations to protect and prevent infection in this vulnerable population such as kidney transplant recipients.La pandemia por coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) está evolucionando de manera muy rápida y representa un riesgo especial en pacientes inmunodeprimidos y con comorbilidades añadidas. El conocimiento sobre esta infección emergente va también en aumento, si bien, aún sigue habiendo muchas incógnitas, sobre todo en la población con trasplante renal. Este manuscrito presenta una propuesta de actuación con recomendaciones generales y específicas para proteger y prevenir de la infección a esta población tan vulnerable como son los receptores de un trasplante renal

Oral fosfomycin for the treatment of lower urinary tract infections among kidney transplant recipients-Results of a Spanish multicenter cohort.

Oral fosfomycin may constitute an alternative for the treatment of lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), particularly in view of recent safety concerns with fluroquinolones. Specific data on the efficacy and safety of fosfomycin in KTR are scarce. We performed a retrospective study in 14 Spanish hospitals including KTRs treated with oral fosfomycin (calcium and trometamol salts) for posttransplant cystitis between January 2005 and December 2017. A total of 133 KTRs developed 143 episodes of cystitis. Most episodes (131 [91.6%]) were produced by gram-negative bacilli (GNB), and 78 (54.5%) were categorized as multidrug resistant (including extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae [14%] or carbapenem-resistant GNB [3.5%]). A median daily dose of 1.5 g of fosfomycin (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.5-2) was administered for a median of 7 days (IQR: 3-10). Clinical cure (remission of UTI-attributable symptoms at the end of therapy) was achieved in 83.9% (120/143) episodes. Among those episodes with follow-up urine culture, microbiological cure at month 1 was achieved in 70.2% (59/84) episodes. Percutaneous nephrostomy was associated with a lower probability of clinical cure (adjusted odds ratio: 10.50; 95% confidence interval: 0.98-112.29; P = 0.052). In conclusion, fosfomycin is an effective orally available alternative for treating cystitis among KTRs