Organización industrial de la prestación de servicios sociales (Chile)

El objetivo del estudio es analizar de qué manera la estructura de los subsistemas de educación municipalizada y de educación privada bajo financiamiento público explica las diferencias existentes en la eficiencia, tanto externa como interna, que presentan ambos tipos de establecimientos educacionales. Se pone especial énfasis en identificar de qué manera aspectos como el entorno legal e institucional, el clima organizacional, la propiedad de los establecimientos, la autonomía financiera, las obligaciones constitucionales, la supervisión y control de los establecimientos, y la regulación del mercado de insumos, entre otros, generan distintos incentivos que condicionan la calidad y costo de los servicios que ellos entregan.

Skills for the 21st Century in Latin America and the Caribbean

Contributes important new findings on the dynamics of education systems and labor market outcomes in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It analyzes an important recent shift in labor market trends in LAC: the first decade of the 21st century has witnessed a marked decline in the earnings premia for university and secondary education. This, in turn, is contributing to reduced income inequality across the region. The recent trend contrasts with the sharp rise in tertiary earnings premia that was observed in the 1990s and that helped to reinforce high levels of income inequality in the region at that time

Cholinergic modulation of stimulus-specific adaptation and prediction error responses in the auditory cortex of the rat

[ES]En esta tesis, describiré las respuestas generales a la adaptación específica a estímulos en la corteza auditiva de rata. A continuación, describiré cómo la acetilcolina modula esta respuesta frente a estímulos novedosos, cuáles son los receptores colinérgicos asociados a esta modulación y además mostraré cómo la acetilcolina modula los niveles de predicción de error. Finalmente, describiremos cómo las ratas pueden discriminar sonidos novedosos relevantes para el comportamient

Educación en Chile: Evaluación y Recomendaciones de Política

Este artículo presenta la estructura del sistema educacional de Chile en sus distintos niveles de educación (básica, media y superior), analizando la estructura y funcionamiento del sector, la cobertura poblacional de los distintos sistemas y la calidad de la educación, tanto del sector público como privado. A nivel de la educación básica y media se presenta una evaluación que comprende las siguientes dimensiones: funcionamiento del mercado de la educación subvencionada; el tema de la elección y la información; aspectos legales e institucionales en lo relativo a estatuto docente, apoyo técnico y restricciones constitucionales; economías de escala en educación; el proceso de descentralización; el financiamiento compartido y la ley de donaciones; y finalmente, la extensión de la jornada horaria. En lo que respecta a educación superior, el artículo presenta una evaluación de los siguientes temas: financiamiento; equidad; eficiencia y universidades estatales; regulación; fondos concursables y formación de doctores. El artículo concluye entregando un conjunto de propuestas que pretenden aumentar la calidad de la educación en sus distintos niveles.

Selective Attention to Visual Stimuli Using Auditory Distractors Is Altered in Alpha-9 Nicotinic Receptor Subunit Knock-Out Mice

During selective attention, subjects voluntarily focus their cognitive resources on a specific stimulus while ignoring others. Top-downfiltering of peripheral sensory responses by higher structures of the brain has been proposed as one of the mechanisms responsible forselective attention. A prerequisite to accomplish top-down modulation of the activity of peripheral structures is the presence of corticofugalpathways. The mammalian auditory efferent system is a unique neural network that originates in the auditory cortex and projectstothe cochlear receptorthroughthe olivocochlear bundle, and it has been proposedtofunction as atop-downfilter of peripheral auditoryresponses during attention to cross-modal stimuli. However, to date, there is no conclusive evidence of the involvement of olivocochlearneurons in selective attention paradigms. Here, wetrained wild-type and-9 nicotinic receptor subunit knock-out (KO) mice, which lackcholinergic transmission between medial olivocochlear neurons and outer hair cells, in a two-choice visual discrimination task andstudied the behavioral consequences of adding different types of auditory distractors. In addition, we evaluated the effects of contralateralnoise on auditory nerve responses as a measure of the individual strength of the olivocochlear reflex. We demonstrate that KO micehave a reduced olivocochlear reflex strength and perform poorly in a visual selective attention paradigm. These results confirm that anintact medial olivocochlear transmission aids in ignoring auditory distraction during selective attention to visual stimuli.Fil: Terreros, Gonzalo. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Jorratt, Pascal. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; ChileFil: Aedo, Cristian. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chile. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Elgoyhen, Ana Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; ArgentinaFil: Delano, Paul H.. Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Chile. Universidad de Chile; Chil

Dolo, excepción de dolo y buena fe. Una aproximación al derecho chileno y continental desde la perspectiva de las funciones dogmáticas

This paper tries to answer the question of the persistence in modern law of the concepts of good faith and the exception of fraud (exceptio doli), both of Roman origin. In order to achieve this objective, it inquires about the functions fulfilled by both concepts both in Roman law and in contemporary Chilean law, thus confirming, for good faith, the persistence of certain dogmatic functions fulfilled, at the time, by the exceptio doli.Este trabajo intenta responder a la pregunta por la persistencia en el derecho moderno de los conceptos de buena fe y excepción de dolo (exceptio doli), ambos de origen romano. Para la consecución de tal objetivo inquiere sobre las funciones cumplidas por ambos conceptos tanto en el derecho romano como en el chileno contemporáneo, constatando así, para la buena fe, la persistencia de ciertas funciones dogmáticas cumplidas, en su momento, por la exceptio doli

IT NECESSARY TO NORMALIZE JUMP TEST RESULTS TO ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS?

The purpose of the present study was to analyse the relationship of different normalization methods in the jump performance, obtained from a digital application (My Jump 2 ®). 189 young women made up the sample. Each of them had to perform three attempts of a bilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) in front of a mobile device. The jump height (JH) and power (P) were the main results, which were processed to normalize them. The JH was normalized to height (JH/H) and to leg length (JH/LL). P was normalized to body mass (RP), while force values were divided by the time of jump to get the Explosive Index of Strength (EIS). The results showed a good association and poor prediction between the variables JH and P, not so between JH and EIS, where no significant relationship was observed. However, a strong relationship was observed between JH / LL and RP (r = 0.801; r2 = 0.641; p KEYWORDS: Smartphone app, vertical jump, biomechanics

Modelacion matematica de una faena de cosecha tradicional de alamo en la Region de O Higgins

82 p.El cultivo del Álamo pertenece en su mayoría a pequeños y medianos propietarios que mantienen una baja diversificación en sus productos, concentrándose en obtener madera aserrada de baja calidad. El principal problema que enfrentan los propietarios dedicados al cultivo del Álamo es el bajo valor del recurso, producto del aumento en la oferta de madera en pie. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo modelar matemáticamente una faena de cosecha tradicional de Álamo en la Región de O'Higgins. En ella se establecieron las variables temporales que actúan en el proceso de cosecha, además de las características propias del predio en estudio. El sistema de cosecha en estudio consta de dos etapas, etapa de volteo y la de madereo. En la etapa de volteo, las variables temporales consideradas fueron el tiempo de volteo y el tiempo de proceso, este ultimo incluye las actividades de trozado y desrame. En el madereo, las variables temporales relevantes fueron los tiempos de carga, descarga, y viajes vació y cargado. Exceptuando el tiempo de descarga, cada elemento de tiempo en el ciclo de cosecha fue modelado a través de regresiones lineales múltiples. El tiempo de descarga fue modelado por medio de la función de distribución de probabilidad log-normal

Randomized controlled trials in nursing conducted by Latin American research teams: A scoping review.

INTRODUCTIO Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the cornerstone of systematic reviews and other evidence synthesis. RCT identification remains challenging because of limitations in their indexation in major databases and potential language bias. Scientific production in Latin American nursing is steadily increasing, but little is known about its design or main features. We aimed to identify the extent of evidence from RCTs in nursing conducted by Latin American research teams and evaluate their main characteristics, including potential risk of bias. DESIGN Scoping review with risk of bias assessment. METHODS We conducted a scoping review including a comprehensive electronic search in five relevant databases. We completed a descriptive data analysis and a risk of bias assessment of eligible studies using Cochrane's guidance. RESULTS We identified 1784 references of which 47 were RCTs published in 40 journals. Twenty (42.6%) RCTs were published in journals in English. Chronic diseases were the most common health conditions studied (29.7%). Fifteen (31.9%) RCTs had a high risk of bias. Thirty (75%) journals were included in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) catalog and 5 (16.7%) were journals classified under nursing category. Twenty-one (52.5%) journals explicitly required CONSORT checklist recommendations for RCTs reporting. CONCLUSION Publication of RCTs in nursing by Latin American authors has increased. Most journals where RCTs are published are in English and not specific to nursing. Searches in journals of other disciplines may be necessary to facilitate identification of RCTs in nursing. CONSORT statements need to be actively promoted to facilitate rigorous methodology and reporting of RCTs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT This study highlights the need for an increased research focus on RCTs in nursing in Latin America, and the importance of enhancing the reporting quality of these studies to support evidence-based nursing practice

Methods for economic evaluation of a factorial-design cluster randomised controlled trial of a nutrition supplement and an exercise programme among healthy older people living in Santiago, Chile: the CENEX study

BACKGROUND: In an effort to promote healthy ageing and preserve health and function, the government of Chile has formulated a package of actions into the Programme for Complementary Food in Older People (Programa de Alimentación Complementaria para el Adulto Mayor - PACAM). The CENEX study was designed to evaluate the impact, cost and cost-effectiveness of the PACAM and a specially designed exercise programme on pneumonia incidence, walking capacity and body mass index in healthy older people living in low- to medium-socio-economic status areas of Santiago. The purpose of this paper is to describe in detail the methods that will be used to estimate the incremental costs and cost-effectiveness of the interventions. METHODS AND DESIGN: The base-case analysis will adopt a societal perspective, including the direct medical and non-medical costs borne by the government and patients. The cost of the interventions will be calculated by the ingredients approach, in which the total quantities of goods and services actually employed in applying the interventions will be estimated, and multiplied by their respective unit prices. Relevant information on costs of interventions will be obtained mainly from administrative records. The costs borne by patients will be collected via exit and telephone interviews. An annual discount rate of 8% will be used, consistent with the rate recommended by the Government of Chile. All costs will be converted from Chilean Peso to US dollars with the 2007 average period exchange rate of US$1 = 522.37 Chilean Peso. To test the robustness of model results, we will vary the assumptions over a plausible range in sensitivity analyses. DISCUSSION: The protocol described here indicates our intent to conduct an economic evaluation alongside the CENEX study. It provides a detailed and transparent statement of planned data collection methods and analyses. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN48153354