Determination of guidance values for closed landfill gas emissions

International audienceIn order to promote active landfill gas collection and treatment or natural attenuation, it is necessary to identify trigger values concerning landfill gas emissions in the preliminary stage of a risk assessment. The determination of these values is the first goal of a work which includes a large regulation review and the study of a generic inhalation exposure scenario for the most common reuse of French Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill surface, namely a recreational area without residential buildings. The health risk levels of this scenario are lower than the usual levels and enable to determine trigger values for methane production rate. These results and the methane oxidation rate in the landfill cover allow for the determination of residual methane surface emission rates. The combination of these parameters with on-site specific measurements enables the promotion of natural attenuation or active landfill gas treatment

Human Adipose Tissue As A Reservoir For Memory Cd4(+) T Cells And Hiv

Objective: The objective of this study is to determine whether adipose tissue functions as a reservoir for HIV-1. Design: We examined memory CD4(+) T cells and HIV DNA in adipose tissue-stromal vascular fraction (AT-SVF) of five patients [four antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated and one untreated]. To determine whether adipocytes stimulate CD4(+) T cells and regulate HIV production, primary human adipose cells were cocultured with HIV-infected CD4(+) T cells. Methods: AT-SVF T cells were studied by flow cytometry, and AT-SVF HIV DNA (Gag and Env) was examined by nested PCR and sequence analyses. CD4(+) T-cell activation and HIV production were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. Results: AT-SVF CD3(+) T cells were activated (\u3e60% CD69(+)) memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in uninfected and HIV-infected persons, but the AT-SVF CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio was lower in HIV patients. HIV DNA(Gag and Env) was detected in AT-SVF of all five patients examined by nested PCR, comparably to other tissues [peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), lymph node or thymus]. In coculture experiments, adipocytes increased CD4(+) T-cell activation and HIV production approximately two to three-fold in synergy with gamma-chain cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL7 or IL15. These effects were mitigated by neutralizing antibodies against IL6 and integrin-alpha 1 beta 1. Adipocytes also enhanced T-cell viability. Conclusion: Adipose tissues of ART-treated patients harbour activated memory CD4(+) T cells and HIV DNA. Adipocytes promote CD4(+) T-cell activation and HIV production in concert with intrinsic adipose factors. Adipose tissue may be an important reservoir for HIV. Copyright (C) 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor acts on retinal microglia/macrophage activation in a rat model of ocular inflammation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) neutralizing antibodies injected in the vitreous of rat eyes influence retinal microglia and macrophage activation. To dissociate the effect of anti-VEGF on microglia and macrophages subsequent to its antiangiogenic effect, we chose a model of acute intraocular inflammation. METHODS: Lewis rats were challenged with systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and concomitantly received 5 µl of rat anti-VEGF-neutralizing antibody (1.5 mg/ml) in the vitreous. Rat immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype was used as the control. The effect of anti-VEGF was evaluated at 24 and 48 h clinically (uveitis scores), biologically (cytokine multiplex analysis in ocular media), and histologically (inflammatory cell counts on eye sections). Microglia and macrophages were immunodetected with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) staining and counted based on their differential shapes (round amoeboid or ramified dendritiform) on sections and flatmounted retinas using confocal imaging and automatic quantification. Activation of microglia was also evaluated with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IBA1 coimmunostaining. Coimmunolocalization of VEGF receptor 1 and 2 (VEGF-R1 and R2) with IBA1 was performed on eye sections with or without anti-VEGF treatment. RESULTS: Neutralizing rat anti-VEGF antibodies significantly decreased ocular VEGF levels but did not decrease the endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) clinical score or the number of infiltrating cells and cytokines in ocular media (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1). Eyes treated with anti-VEGF showed a significantly decreased number of activated microglia and macrophages in the retina and the choroid and decreased iNOS-positive microglia. IBA1-positive cells expressed VEGF-R1 and R2 in the inflamed retina. CONCLUSIONS: Microglia and macrophages expressed VEGF receptors, and intravitreous anti-VEGF influenced the microglia and macrophage activation state. Taking into account that anti-VEGF drugs are repeatedly injected in the vitreous of patients with retinal diseases, part of their effects could result from unsuspected modulation of the microglia activation state. This should be further studied in other ocular pathogenic conditions and human pathology

Evaluation of immune responses after nanovectorized internal radiotherapy for glioblastomas

Contribution issue du 4e Workshop européen, orgnaisé par le Cancéropôle Grand-Ouest du 22 au 25 septembre 2010 à l'Ile de Berder en France, autour du thème "Biology of ionizing radiation".International audienc

2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) can identify chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) stage A et stage B patients

Purpose: There is no data in the literature concerning the utility of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), except for the diagnosis of Richter\u27s transformations. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential role of FDG-PET in CLL stages A and B. Materials and methods: Thirty-five patients (61 ± 9 years; 11 women, 24 men; 8B and 27A) have benefited of a FDG-PET scan at baseline, for example, before an eventual treatment. FDG-PET scans were analyzed visually and the maximum values of the Standardised Uptake Value (SUVmax) were measured in the main lymph nodes areas. The ability of FDG-PET to differentiate stages A and B patients was evaluated by Student\u27s tests and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis. Results: All patients with a normal FDG-PET (n = 18) were stages A. The remaining 17 patients (9A and 8B) showed hypermetabolisms in nodal areas above (n = 17) and below (n = 9) the diaphragm, and no visceral involvement. The lymph nodes hypermetabolisms were always bilateral, and of low intensity (≤ mediastinum; 9A), or of higher intensity (≥ liver, 8B). The SUVmax of stage B (n = 8) were significantly higher than those of the 27 stages A, in all lymph nodes areas except in mediastinum. The highest intensity of FDG uptake was observed in axillary area in stages B patients (SUVmax = 2.74 ± 1.03). An axillary SUVmax of 1.33 is the most suitable value for the discrimination between stages A and B patients (ROC; AUC = 0.968; sensitivity 1.00; specificity 0.91). Conclusion: Lymph nodes hypermetabolisms are constant in the B stage, and more intense than in stage A. These anomalies are always bilateral, unlike what is observed in Richter\u27s transformation. The intensity of axillary lymph nodes FDG uptake can distinguish CLL stages A and B

A proposal for a high performance γ\gamma-camera based on liquid Xenon converter and gaseous photomultiplier for PET

présenté par D. Ther