High-angular and high-contrast VLTI observations from Y to M band with the Asgard instrumental suite

This is the final version. Available from SPIE via the DOI in this recordSPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2022, 17 - 22 July 2022, Montreal, CanadaThe Very Large Telescope Interferometer is one of the most proficient observatories in the world for high angular resolution. Since its first observations, it has hosted several interferometric instruments operating in various bandwidths in the infrared. As a result, the VLTI yields countless discoveries and technological breakthroughs. We introduce to the VLTI the new concept of Asgard: an instrumental suite including four natively collaborating instruments: BIFROST, a stellar interferometer dedicated to the study of the formation of multiple systems; Hi- 5, a nulling interferometer dedicated to imaging young nearby planetary systems in the M band; HEIMDALLR, an all-in-one instrument performing both fringe tracking and stellar interferometry with the same optics; Baldr, a fibre-injection optimiser. These instruments share common goals and technologies. Thus, the idea of this suite is to make the instruments interoperable and complementary to deliver unprecedented sensitivity and accuracy from J to M bands. The interoperability of the Asgard instruments and their integration in the VLTI are the main challenges of this project. In this paper, we introduce the overall optical design of the Asgard suite, the different modules, and the main challenges ahead.European Union Horizon 2020Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)European Research Council (ERC

A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

Tight relationships exist in the local universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole. These suggest galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to probe this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3). Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad line region. We detect a 40 micro-arcsecond (0.31 pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocenters of the H$\alpha$ line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating broad line region. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2x10$^{8}$ solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6x10$^{11}$ solar masses, which indicates an under-massive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the supermassive black hole, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.Comment: 5 pages Main text, 8 figures, 2 tables, to be published in Nature, under embargo until 29 January 2024 16:00 (London

Empirical contrast model for high-contrast imaging A VLT/SPHERE case study

Context. The ability to accurately predict the contrast achieved with high-contrast imagers is important for efficient scheduling and quality control measures in modern observatories. Aims. We aim to consistently predict and measure the raw contrast achieved by SPHERE/IRDIS on a frame-by-frame basis in order to improve the efficiency of SPHERE at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and maximise scientific yield. Methods. Contrast curves were calculated for over 5 yr of archival data obtained using the most common SPHERE/IRDIS corona-graphic mode in the H2/H3 dual-band filter. These data consist of approximately 80 000 individual frames, which were merged and interpolated with atmospheric data to create a large database of contrast curves with associated features. An empirical power-law model for contrast – motivated by physical considerations – was then trained and finally tested on an out-of-sample test dataset. Results. At an angular separation of 300 mas, the contrast model achieved a mean (out-of-sample) test error of 0.13 magnitude with the 5th and 95th percentiles of the residuals equal to −0.23 and 0.64 magnitude respectively. The models test-set root mean square error (RMSE) between 250 and 600 mas was between 0.31 and 0.40 magnitude, which is equivalent to that of other state-of-the-art contrast models presented in the literature. In general, the model performed best for targets of between 5 and 9 G-band magnitude, with degraded performance for targets outside this range. This model is currently being incorporated into the Paranal SCUBA software for first-level quality control and real-time scheduling support

An integrated model to examine the effects of sustainable diversion limits: a case study in the Lower Campaspe catchment

Abstract: Setting limits for consumptive water extraction from the Murray-Darling Basin, known as Sustainable Diversion Limits (SDLs), is a key feature of recent water reforms. The ecological and socioeconomic impacts of SDLs have been assessed for the entire Murray-Darling Basin. However, there is still little understanding of how these limits will play out at the catchment scale and at more localised levels. To build this understanding, the SDLs (estimates and rules) need to be examined using a multidisciplinary framework that includes water management policies, climate change projections, the nature of surface watergroundwater systems, and water-dependent economic and ecological systems. This paper presents an ongoing collaborative project between the research team in the National Centre for Groundwater Research and Training (NCGRT), Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, North Central Catchment Management Authority and Goulburn-Murray Water. It examines the effects of implementing the SDLs for the Lower Campaspe catchment in Victoria in terms of tradeoffs between the profitability of agricultural production and ecosystem response, especially groundwater dependent ecosystems. The model under development is also intended to be flexible enough to investigate adaptation options for landholders and water policy initiatives. In undertaking such an integrated assessment project, the research team brings together researchers from multiple disciplines, including hydrology, hydrogeology, ecology, resource economics, social science and systems science. The project has applied an integrated modelling approach which focuses on working closely with project stakeholders to identify modelling questions, share results and seek feedback. Our aim is to develop an integrated modelling framework that can be reapplied in other catchments to address stakeholders’ questions and concerns with regard to the implementation of the SDLs at the local level. In this paper, we give a brief overview of the design of the integrated model under development, and its key components and interactions

Asgard/NOTT: L-band nulling interferometry at the VLTI. I. Simulating the expected high-contrast performance

Context: NOTT (formerly Hi-5) is a new high-contrast L' band (3.5-4.0 \textmu m) beam combiner for the VLTI with the ambitious goal to be sensitive to young giant exoplanets down to 5 mas separation around nearby stars. The performance of nulling interferometers in these wavelengths is affected both by fundamental noise from the background and by the contributions of instrumental noises. This motivates the development of end-to-end simulations to optimize these instruments. Aims: To enable the performance evaluation and inform the design of such instruments on the current and future infrastructures, taking into account the different sources of noise, and their correlation. Methods: SCIFYsim is an end-to-end simulator for single mode filtered beam combiners, with an emphasis on nulling interferometers. It is used to compute a covariance matrix of the errors. Statistical detection tests based on likelihood ratios are then used to compute compound detection limits for the instrument. Results: With the current assumptions on the performance of the wavefront correction systems, the errors are dominated by correlated instrumental errors down to stars of magnitude 6-7 in the L band, beyond which thermal background from the telescopes and relay system becomes dominant. Conclusions: SCIFYsim is suited to anticipate some of the challenges of design, tuning, operation and signal processing for integrated optics beam combiners. The detection limits found for this early version of NOTT simulation with the unit telescopes are compatible with detections at contrasts up to $10^5$ in the L band at separations of 5 to 80 mas around bright stars

L-band nulling interferometry at the VLTI with Asgard/Hi-5: status and plans

This is the author accepted manuscript.Hi-5 is the L’-band (3.5-4.0 µm) high-contrast imager of Asgard, an instrument suite in preparation for the visitor focus of the VLTI. The system is optimized for high-contrast and high-sensitivity imaging within the diffraction limit of a single UT/AT telescope. It is designed as a double-Bracewell nulling instrument producing spectrally-dispersed (R=20, 400, or 2000) complementary nulling outputs and simultaneous photometric outputs for self-calibration purposes. In this paper, we present an update of the project with a particular focus on the overall architecture, opto-mechanical design of the warm and cold optics, injection system, and development of the photonic beam combiner. The key science projects are to survey (i) nearby young planetary systems near the snow line, where most giant planets are expected to be formed, and (ii) nearby main sequence stars near the habitable zone where exozodiacal dust that may hinder the detection of Earth-like planets. We present an update of the expected instrumental performance based on full end-to-end simulations using the new GRAVITY+ specifications of the VLTI and the latest planet formation models.European Research Council (ERC)European Union Horizon 202

Upgrading the GRAVITY fringe tracker for GRAVITY+ - Tracking the white-light fringe in the non-observable optical path length state-space

International audienceContext. The GRAVITY beam-combiner at the Very Large Telescope Interferometer has recently made important contributions to many different fields of astronomy, from observations of the Galactic centre to the study of massive stars, young stellar objects, exoplanet atmospheres, and active galactic nuclei. These achievements were only made possible by the development of several key technologies, including the development of reliable and high-performance fringe trackers. These systems compensate for disturbances ranging from atmospheric turbulence to vibrations in the optical system, enabling long exposures and ensuring the stability of interferometric measurements.Aims. As part of the ongoing GRAVITY+ upgrade of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer infrastructure, we aim to improve the performance of the GRAVITY fringe tracker, and to enable its use by other instruments.Methods. We modified the group-delay controller to consistently maintain tracking in the white-light fringe, which is characterised by a minimum group delay. Additionally, we introduced a novel approach in which fringe-tracking is performed in the non-observable optical path length state-space using a covariance-weighted Kalman filter and an auto-regressive model of the disturbance. We outline this new state-space representation and the formalism we used to propagate the state vector and generate the control signal. While our approach is presented specifically in the context of GRAVITY/GRAVITY+, it can easily be adapted to other instruments or interfero-metric facilities.Results. We successfully demonstrate phase-delay tracking within a single fringe, with any spurious phase jumps detected and corrected in less than 100 ms. We also report a significant performance improvement, as shown by a reduction of ~30 to 40% in phase residuals, and a much better behaviour under sub-optimal atmospheric conditions. Compared to what was observed in 2019, the median residuals have decreased from 150 nm to 100 nm on the Auxiliary Telescopes and from 250 nm to 150 nm on the Unit Telescopes.Conclusions. The improved phase-delay tracking combined with white-light fringe tracking means that from now on, the GRAVITY fringe tracker can be used by other instruments operating in different wavebands. The only limitation remains the need for an adjustment of the optical path dispersion.Key words: instrumentation: high angular resolution / instrumentation: interferometers / techniques: interferometric★ These authors contributed equally

CRIRES+ on sky at the ESO Very Large Telescope : Observing the Universe at infrared wavelengths and high spectral resolution

The CRyogenic InfraRed Echelle Spectrograph (CRIRES) Upgrade project CRIRES+ extended the capabilities of CRIRES. It transformed this VLT instrument into a cross-dispersed spectrograph to increase the wavelength range that is covered simultaneously by up to a factor of ten. In addition, a new detector focal plane array of three Hawaii 2RG detectors with a 5.3 mu m cutoff wavelength replaced the existing detectors. Amongst many other improvements, a new spectropolarimetric unit was added and the calibration system has been enhanced. The instrument was installed at the VLT on Unit Telescope 3 at the beginning of 2020 and successfully commissioned and verified for science operations during 2021, partly remotely from Europe due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The instrument was subsequently offered to the community from October 2021 onwards. This article describes the performance and capabilities of the upgraded instrument and presents on sky results

A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

Tight relationships exist in the local universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole. These suggest galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to probe this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3). Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad line region. We detect a 40 micro-arcsecond (0.31 pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocenters of the H$\alpha$ line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating broad line region. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2x10$^{8}$ solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6x10$^{11}$ solar masses, which indicates an under-massive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the supermassive black hole, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems