The Black Top Hat function applied to a DEM: A tool to estimate recent incision in a mountainous watershed (Estibère Watershed, Central Pyrenees)

International audienceThe Top Hat Transform function is a grey-level image analysis tool that allows extracting peaks and valleys in a non-uniform background. This function can be applied onto a grey-level Digital Elevation Model (DEM). It is herein applied to quantify the volume of recent incised material in a mountainous Pyrenean watershed. Grey-level Closing operation applied to the Present-Day DEM gives a new image called ''paleo'' DEM. The Black Top Hat function consists in the subtraction of the ''paleo'' DEM with the Present-Day DEM. It gives a new DEM representing all valleys whose sizes range between the size of the structuring element and the null value as no threshold is used. The calculation of the incised volume is directly derived from the subtraction between the two DEM's. The geological significance of the quantitative results is discussed

Modulation of sodium-coupled uptake and membrane fluidity by cisplatin in renal proximal tubular cells in primary culture and brush-border membrane vesicles

Modulation of sodium-coupled uptake and membrane fluidity by cisplatin in renal proximal tubular cells in primary culture and brush-border membrane vesicles. The proximal tubule appears to be the main target for the adverse effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cDDP). We evaluated the early effects of cDDP at concentrations (3 to 67 µM) lower that those which alter cell viability, on three apical transport systems and on the physical state of the brush border membrane (BBM) in rabbit proximal tubule (RPT) cells in primary culture. The maximal effect, corresponding to a 30% decrease in Na+-coupled uptake of phosphate (Pi) and α-methylglucopyranoside (MGP) and a twofold increase in Na+-coupled alanine uptake, was obtained at 17 µM (5 µg/ml) cDDP and occurred through a modification of their affinity. At this concentration, cDDP increased BBM fluidity and decreased the BBM cholesterol content by 28%, without increasing the permeability of tight junctions. To clarify the role of cDDP-induced increase in BBM fluidity on alterations of Na+-coupled uptake, these parameters were also investigated in BBM vesicles isolated from rabbit renal cortex directly exposed to cDDP. cDDP induced a concentration-dependent inhibition of Na+-coupled uptake of MGP, Pi and alanine in BBM vesicles from the renal cortex, associated with a decrease in protein sulfhydryl content, without modifying BBM fluidity. Our findings strongly suggest that the cDDP-induced increase in BBM fluidity in RPT cells results from an indirect mechanism, possibly an alteration of cholesterol metabolism, and did not play a major role in the cDDP-induced inhibition of Na+/Pi and Na+/ glucose cotransport systems that may be mainly mediated through a direct chemical interaction with essential sulfhydryl groups of the transporters

Polarized distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase regulates activity in intestinal epithelial cells

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) functions as a homodimer. In cell extracts, iNOS molecules partition both in cytosolic and particulate fractions, indicating that iNOS exists as soluble and membrane associated forms. In this study, iNOS features were investigated in human intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with cytokines and in duodenum from mice exposed to flagellin. Our experiments indicate that iNOS is mainly associated with the particulate fraction of cell extracts. Confocal microscopy showed a preferential localization of iNOS at the apical pole of intestinal epithelial cells. In particulate fractions, iNOS dimers were more abundant than in the cytosolic fraction. Similar observations were seen in mouse duodenum samples. These results suggest that, in epithelial cells, iNOS activity is regulated by localization-dependent processes.Facultad de Ciencias Exacta

Un risque d'origine anthropique : la contamination chronique par les métaux lourds à proximité d'anciens sites miniers. Le cas de la mine (plomb, zinc, cadmium) de Jebel Ressas (Tunisie nord-orientale)

L'analyse des risques en relation avec l'environnement s'intéresse surtout aux catastrophes naturelles telles que les éruptions volcaniques, les inondations, les séismes. Or, la société actuelle étant fortement marquée par le développement industriel et technologique, les risques d'origine anthropique deviennent de plus en plus prégnants.L'objectif de l'étude entreprise est de proposer une nouvelle méthode d'évaluation et de cartographie du risque de contamination métallique sur et autour d'un ancien site minier situé à proximité de la ville de Tunis. Ce type de risque que les sociologues dénomment " risques diffus " (Beck, 1992 ; Peretti-Watel, 2000), appelle une approche interdisciplinaire couvrant un large spectre depuis la géochimie jusqu'aux données sociétales afin d'intégrer les données quantitatives et qualitatives dans un même modèle. Les résultats préliminaires exposés dans cet article ont été obtenus en adoptant une démarche d'analyse du risque basée sur le couplage entre une analyse de l'intensité de l'aléa et de l'estimation du degré de vulnérabilité des enjeux, adaptés à une contamination chronique d'un écosystème

Faciès et conditions de dépôt des calcaires à archéocyathes du Cambrien inférieur de la Montagne Noire méridionale (Massif central, France)

Les calcaires de la formation de Pardailhan (Cambrien inférieur du sud de la Montagne Noire) ne contiennent des faunes d’archéocyathes que dans quelques minces couches de la séquence carbonatée-détritique, dans chaque horizon (HI, H2, H3) exposée dans plusieurs unités tectoniques superposées qui sont affectées par de sévères déformations. L’examen comparatif des assemblages d’archéocyathes associé à une investigation sédimentologique détaillée conduit à la compréhension des modes de dépôt et du style de construction des associations archéocyathes-calcimicrobes. Il permet également d’obtenir une meilleure définition des relations paléogéographiques entre les différentes unités tectoniques. H1 : archéocyathes – calcimicrobes sont concentrés dans de petits récifs “pionniers”, détritiques, avec de petits calices d’archéocyathes cylindriques (en bâtonnets), brisés et déplacés dans les dépôts interrécifaux; localement ils sont associés avec des boundstones en croûtes à Epiphyton et Girvanella. Les archéocyathes sont fréquents dans le Sud Minervois, plus irrégulièrement répartis dans le Nord Minervois, le Pardailhan nord et sud. H2 : les archéocyathes sont en bâtonnets, isolés et fréquemment déplacés comme dans H1, mais on trouve aussi des calices en place, en forme de soucoupes; des grainstones, contenant du quartz diffus à grains fins à la base des bioconstructions en croûtes à Girvanella, témoignant d’une haute énergie, sont plus developpés dans le Sud Minervois, que dans le Nord Pardailhan; un boundstone à Epiphyton et Renalcis de basse énergie est trouvé dans le Minervois et le Nord Pardailhan. H3 : les calices d’archéocyathes sont de grandes soucoupes, observées la plupart du temps sous forme de longs rubans ondulés, fragments de leur intervallum, dans un boundstone à Epiphyton et Renalcis. Dans le Nord Pardailhan, on trouve localement des faciès de tempête à la base des bioconstructions, tandis que dans le Sud Pardailhan,nodulaires, des mudstones, contenant des débris bioclastiques et quelques boundstones cryptalgaires et calcimicrobiens, sont le signe d’un environnement de basse énergie à la transition avec le bassin peu profond

Evaluation rapide et précise des performances d'une communication LoRa basée sur la fonction de Marcum

International audienc

Performances de LoRa sur les canaux de Rice et Nakagami

International audienceLes applications telles que les fermes connectées, les villes intelligentes ou l'industrie 4.0 utilisent de plus en plus les Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN), permettant un bon compromis entre la portée, le débit et la consommation d'énergie. Cependant, seulement quelques études théoriques sont disponibles pour aider à la conception de ces réseaux avant un déploiement. Une nouvelle approche basée sur la fonction de Marcum est proposée ici pour estimer la probabilité d'erreur binaire de LoRa. La méthode proposée est appliquée avec un bruit gaussien pour les canaux de Nakagami et Rice

How robust is a LoRa communication against impulsive noise?

International audienceIn the last decade Internet of Things (IoT) grew up in an exponential behavior with applications requiring long range and low power wireless transmissions. Factory of the Future (FoF), also called Industry 4.0, aims to use IoT technologies to enhance productivity, therefore adding high reliability constraints. Several IoT standards were proposed and LoRa has emerged as a high potential candidate for a variety of applications. LoRa modulation is based on a chirp spread-spectrum technique and offers efficient transmission up to 50 kbps over several kilometers. The performance of LoRa in terms of symbol or bit error probability has been theoretically analyzed in few recent papers for a Gaussian channel. However, the industrial environment is often corrupted with impulsive non Gaussian noise generated by high-power equipment. In this paper, the impact of impulsive noise, modeled by the Middleton Class-A noise, is introduced and the robustness of a LoRa communication is studied. Compared to the Gaussian case, simulations show that impulsive noise may severely degrade system performance. This Signal-to-Noise Ratio loss can reach up to 10 dB, but increasing the spreading factor can reduce the noise impact

Doping Dependence of the Redistribution of Optical Spectral Weight in Bi2_{2}Sr2_{2}CaCu2_{2}O8+δ_{8+\delta}

We present the ab-plane optical conductivity of four single crystals of Bi$_{2}$Sr$_{2}$CaCu$_{2}$O$_{8+\delta}$ (Bi2212) with different carrier doping levels from the strongly underdoped to the strongly overdoped range with $T_c$=66, 88, 77, and 67 K respectively. We focus on the redistribution of the low frequency optical spectral weight (SW) in the superconducting and normal states. The temperature dependence of the low-frequency spectral weight in the normal state is significantly stronger in the overdoped regime. In agreement with other studies, the superconducting order is marked by an increase of the low frequency SW for low doping, while the SW decreases for the highly overdoped sample. The effect crosses through zero at a doping concentration $\delta$=0.19 which is slightly to the right of the maximum of the superconducting dome. This sign change is not reproduced by the BCS model calculations, assuming the electron-momentum dispersion known from published ARPES data. Recent Cluster Dynamical Mean Field Theory (CDMFT) calculations based on the Hubbard and t-J models, agree in several relevant respects with the experimental data

Composition, silicate anion structure and morphology of calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) synthesized by silica-lime reaction and by the controlled hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S)

The main product of Portland cement hydration is C-S-H. Despite constituting more than half of the volume of hydrated pastes and having an important role in strength development, very little is known about the factors that determine its morphology. To investigate the relationship between the chemical composition, silicate anion structure and morphology of C-S-H, samples were synthesized via silica-lime reactions and by the hydration of C3S under controlled lime concentrations and with/ without accelerators. The silicate anion structure of the samples was studied by 29Si MAS NMR and the morphology and chemical composition by TEM and SEM. All samples prepared via silica-lime reactions with bulk Ca/Si up to 1.5 were foil-like. The hydration of C3S at fixed lime concentration yielded foil-like C-S-H for [CaO]22mmol/L. A relationship between the silicate anion structure and the morphology of C-S-H was found for the samples fabricated with accelerators