Rendimiento Hidropónico de la Arveja con Cebada y Trigo en la Producción de Germinados

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the associations pea-barley and pea-wheat in six ratios (0/100, 20/80, 40/60, 60/40, 80/20, 100/0) of hydroponics on the percentage of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein, height of the plant, and on the yield of green fodder, dry matter, organic matter and crude protein. A randomized factorial 2 x 6 (ratio x association) with 5 replicates per treatment was used. The percentage of dry matter and yield of green fodder were statistically similar in pea-barley and pea-wheat associations. The percentages of organic matter and crude protein were affected by the association and the level of legume/grass ratio. The average percentage of crude protein in both associations was 22.37%. The proportion of legume/grass did not affect plant height.El estudio tuvo por objetivo determinar el efecto de las asociaciones arveja-cebada y arveja-trigo en seis proporciones (0/100, 20/80, 40/60, 60/40, 80/20, 100/0) de cultivos hidropónicos sobre el porcentaje de materia seca, materia orgánica y proteína cruda, y altura de planta, así como en la producción de forraje verde, materia seca, materia orgánica y proteína cruda. Se utilizó un arreglo factorial al azar de 2 x 6 (asociación x proporción) con 5 repeticiones por tratamiento. El porcentaje de materia seca y rendimiento de forraje verde fue estadísticamente similar en las asociaciones arveja-cebada y arveja-trigo. Los porcentajes de materia orgánica y proteína cruda fueron afectados por la asociación y por el nivel de proporción leguminosa/gramínea. El porcentaje promedio de proteína cruda de ambas asociaciones fue de 22.37%. La proporción de leguminosa/gramínea no afectó la altura de planta del cultivo hidropónico

Manifestations faded gradually replacement of alfalfa ("Medicado sativa L.") by barley ("Hordeum vulgare L.") sprount in portions of Guinea pigs ("Cavia porcellus L.") in the stage of growth

El experimento fue conducido en el Centro de Producción de Cuyes de la Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica con el objetivo de evaluar la utilización de cuatro niveles (0, 25, 50 y 75%) de cebada hidropónica (CH) en substitución de la alfalfa en la alimentación de cuyes machos y hembras de la Línea Perú, en la fase de crecimiento, en número de 72, con 18 días de edad y 175 g de PV inicial medio confinados durante 42 días. Las raciones experimentales isoproteícas, fueron ofrecidos a los animales a voluntad y divididos en dos porciones (8 y 17 h). Fue utilizado el diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado y los tratamientos distribuidos en esquema factorial 2x4 (sexo x niveles de cebada hidropónica) con tres repeticiones por tratamiento, constituido cada unidad experimental por tres cuyes. Existió reducción lineal para machos en el consumo de MS en g/día y g/kg0.75 con el aumento de los niveles de substitución, este comportamiento también fue verificado para el consumo de PC (g/día). Hubo efecto cúbico para el consumo de PC por los cuyes hembras, en g/día, en g/kg0.75 y en %PV. La substitución de la alfalfa por la CH afectó la conversión alimenticia, cuyo comportamiento fue cuadrático y cúbico para machos y hembras, respectivamente. La CH influyó de forma cúbica sobre el peso final y ganancia de peso diario en los cuyes machos y hembras. Se concluye que es posible substituir la alfalfa por la CH hasta el nivel de 75% en cuyes hembras. El nivel de 25% de substitución proporciona las mejores ganancias de peso y pesos finales en cuyes machos y hembras en crecimiento, lo que pone de manifiesto el efecto positivo de la inclusión de la CH en la ración de cuyes en crecimiento.The experiment was conducted at the Center for Guinea Pig Production, National University of Huancavelica in order to evaluate the use of four levels (0, 25, 50 and 75%) of hydroponic barley (CH) in substitution of alfalfa in the feeding male and female guinea pigs of Peru line, in the growth phase, in number of 72, with 18 days of age and 175 g of initial PV means confined for 42 days. Isoproteic the experimental diets were offered ad libitum to the animals and divided in to two portions (8 and 17 h). It was used the completely randomized design and treatments distributed in factorial scheme 2x4 (sex x levels hydroponic barley) with three replicates per treatment, each experimental unit consists of three guinea pigs. Linear reduction existed for males MS consumption in g / g / day kg 0.75 with increasing substitution levels, this behavior was also verified for PC consumption (g / day). There was a cubic effect for consumption by the female guinea pigs PC in g / day, in g / kg0.75 and in % PV. The substitution of CH alfalfa affected by feed conversion, whose behavior was quadratic and cubic for males and females, respectively. The CH influenced cubical on final weight and daily weight gain in male and female guinea pigs. We conclude that it is possible to replace the CH alfalfa to the level of 75% in female guinea pigs. The level of 25% substitution provides the best weight gain and final weights in males and females growing guinea pigs, which shows the positive effect of the inclusion of CH in the ration of growing guinea pigs

Degradabilidad ruminal de forrajes y alimentos concentrados y estimación del consumo

The aim of this study was to determine the kinetic parameters of in situ degradation of dry matter (MS), crude protein (PC) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of four single or mixed forages: 1) alfalfa; 2) alfalfa-red clover; 3) alfalfa-dactylis; 4) oats, and two concentrates: cotton paste and ground barley, as well the estimation of the DM consumption of these forages using three cattle with ruminal fistula. Five grams of sample were incubated for 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours for forages and 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours for concentrates. The zero time (t0) was used to calculate the soluble fraction. The potential and effective degradability at the 2, 5 and 8%/h passages rates of the MS, PC and NDF were different for forages and concentrates. The constant degradation rates (c) of the PC of the association alfalfa-dactylis, oats (fodder), cotton paste and ground barley indicate that these resources had good potential for ruminant diet use. Due to the effective degradability of the PC at the rates of 2, 5 and 8%/h, the forages alone or associated and the concentrates under study can be classified as feeds of high nutritional quality.El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los parámetros cinéticos de la degradación in situ de la materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y fibra detergente neutro (FDN) de cuatro forrajes o mezclas de forrajes: 1) alfalfa; 2) alfalfa-trébol rojo; 3) alfalfa-dactylis; 4) avena, y de dos concentrados: pasta de algodón y cebada molida, así como estimar el consumo de MS de estos forrajes utilizando tres bovinos con fístula ruminal. Se incubaron 5 g de muestra durante 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas para los forrajes y de 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 y 48 horas para los concentrados. El tiempo cero (t0) fue utilizado para el cálculo de la fracción soluble. La degradabilidad potencial y efectiva a las tasas pasajes de 2, 5 y 8%/hora de la MS, PC y FDN fueron diferentes para los forrajes y alimentos concentrados. Las tasas constantes de degradación (c) de la PC de la asociación alfalfa-dactylis, avena (forraje), pasta de algodón y cebada molida es indicativo que estos recursos tienen un buen potencial para su utilización en la dieta de los rumiantes. La degradabilidad efectiva obtenida de la PC a las tasas de pasajes de 2, 5 y 8%/h permite clasificar a los forrajes solos o asociados y a los concentrados en estudio como alimentos de alta calidad nutricional

Degradabilidad ruminal de forrajes y residuos de cosecha en bovinos Brown Swiss

The aim of this study was to determine the degradability of the association of forages and crop residues commonly used to feed cattle in the Huancavelica Region. The forage associations were white clover-Italian ryegrass and red clover-dactylis, while the harvest residues were maize, oat straw, peas, beans and quinoa. For the determination of the degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF), three rumen fistulated Brown Swiss cattle were used. Samples of forages and harvest residues were placed in nylon bags and incubated for 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Time zero (t0) was used for the calculation of the soluble fraction. The DM, CP and NDF degradability were influenced by forages and crop residues (p<0.05). The greater potential degradability of the DM and CP, and effective degradability of the DM, CP and NDF give the white clover-Italian ryegrass a good nutritional potential for ruminants. The constant rate (C) of degradation, potential degradability and effective degradability of the CP allows to consider the residues of peas, beans and quinoa as food resources of high nutritional quality. On the contrary, the effective degradability of the PC at the passage rate of 5%/h indicates that maize and oat straw are medium quality foods.El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la degradabilidad de asociación de forrajes y de residuos de cosecha comúnmente utilizados en la Región de Huancavelica en la alimentación de bovinos. Se evaluaron las asociaciones trébol blanco-ryegrass italiano y el trébol rojo-dactylis, y los residuos de cosecha: maíz chala, paja de avena, arveja, habas y quinua. Para la determinación de la degradabilidad de la materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC) y fibra detergente neutra (FDN) se utilizaron tres bovinos Brown Swiss, fistulados en el rumen. Los forrajes y los residuos de cosecha fueron colocados en sacos de nylon e incubados por 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas. El tiempo cero (t0) fue utilizado para el cálculo de la fracción soluble. Las degradabilidades de la MS, PC y FDN fueron influenciadas por los forrajes y residuos de cosecha (p<0.05). La mayor degradabilidad potencial de la MS y PC, y degradabilidad efectiva de la MS, PC y FDN le confieren al trébol blanco-ryegrass italiano un buen potencial nutritivo para los rumiantes. La tasa constante (C) de degradación, degradabilidad potencial y degradabilidad efectiva de la PC permite considerar a los residuos de arveja, habas y quinua como recursos alimenticios de alta calidad nutricional. Por el contrario, la degradabilidad efectiva de la PC a la tasa de pasaje de 5%/h indica que el maíz chala y la paja de avena son alimentos de mediana calidad

The extent and variability of storm-induced temperature changes in lakes measured with long-term and high-frequency data

The intensity and frequency of storms are projected to increase in many regions of the world because of climate change. Storms can alter environmental conditions in many ecosystems. In lakes and reservoirs, storms can reduce epilimnetic temperatures from wind-induced mixing with colder hypolimnetic waters, direct precipitation to the lake's surface, and watershed runoff. We analyzed 18 long-term and high-frequency lake datasets from 11 countries to assess the magnitude of wind- vs. rainstorm-induced changes in epilimnetic temperature. We found small day-to-day epilimnetic temperature decreases in response to strong wind and heavy rain during stratified conditions. Day-to-day epilimnetic temperature decreased, on average, by 0.28 degrees C during the strongest windstorms (storm mean daily wind speed among lakes: 6.7 +/- 2.7 m s(-1), 1 SD) and by 0.15 degrees C after the heaviest rainstorms (storm mean daily rainfall: 21.3 +/- 9.0 mm). The largest decreases in epilimnetic temperature were observed >= 2 d after sustained strong wind or heavy rain (top 5(th) percentile of wind and rain events for each lake) in shallow and medium-depth lakes. The smallest decreases occurred in deep lakes. Epilimnetic temperature change from windstorms, but not rainstorms, was negatively correlated with maximum lake depth. However, even the largest storm-induced mean epilimnetic temperature decreases were typicallyPeer reviewe

Diets based on virgin olive oil or fish oil but not on sunflower oil prevent age-related alvolar bone resorption by mitochondrial-related mechanisms

Background/Objectives: Aging enhances frequency of chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases or periodontitis. Here we reproduced an age-dependent model of the periodontium, a fully physiological approach to periodontal conditions, to evaluate the impact of dietary fat type on gingival tissue of young (6 months old) and old (24 months old) rats.Methods/Findings: Animals were fed life-long on diets based on monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) as virgin olive oil, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA), as sunflower oil, or n-3PUFA, as fish oil. Age-related alveolar bone loss was higher in n-6PUFA fed rats, probably as a consequence of the ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Gene expression analysis suggests that MUFA or n-3PUFA allowed mitochondria to maintain an adequate turnover through induction of biogenesis, autophagy and the antioxidant systems, and avoiding mitochondrial electron transport system alterations.Conclusions: The main finding is that the enhanced alveolar bone loss associated to age may be targeted by an appropriate dietary treatment. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are related with an ablation of the cell capacity to adapt to aging. Thus, MUFA or n-3PUFA might allow mitochondrial maintaining turnover through biogenesis or autophagy. They might also be able to induce the corresponding antioxidant systems to counteract age-related oxidative stress, and do not inhibit mitochondrial electron transport chain. From the nutritional and clinical point of view, it is noteworthy that the potential treatments to attenuate alveolar bone loss (a feature of periodontal disease) associated to age could be similar to some of the proposed for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, a group of pathologies recently associated with age-related periodontitis.This study was supported by I+D grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (AGL2008-01057) and the Autonomous Government of Andalusia (AGR832)

Revista de Vertebrados de la Estación Biológica de Doñana

Tiempo y orden de aparición de las escamas en el salmón del Atlántico (Salmo salar)Estudios sobre el sapo corredor (Bufo calamita) en el sur de España.III. ReproducciónInfluencia de las carecterísticas del medio acuático sobre las poblaciones de larvas de anfibios en lala Reserva Biológica de Doñana(Huelva, EspañaDieta de la cigüeñuela (Himantopus himantopus) en las salinas del estuario del GuadianaOrientación y selección del lugar del nido en el gorrión moruno (Passer hispaniolensis)la avifauna de las Vegas Bajas del Guadianala reproducción de la malvasía (Oxyura leucocephala) en el sur de la provincia de Córdoba, España.La alimentación de la curruca cabecinegra (Sylvia melanocephala, Gmelin 1788) en olivares de la provincia de Jaén (otoño-invierno)Consideraciones sobre el efecto de los conejos y los grandes herbívoros en los pastizales de la Vera de DoñanaAnálisis factorial de las expresiones faciales del babuino sagrado (Papio hamadryas)Contaminación xenobiótica del Parque Nacionalde Doñana. II. Residuos de insecticidas organoclorados, bifenilos policlorados, (PGBs) y metales pesados en Falconiformes y StrigiformesTransferencia total y del y bioacumulación de mercurio y metilmercurio en ecosistemas del Parque Nacional de DoñanaNota sobre la alimentación de larvas de anfibios: I. Pleurodeles waltl en charcas temporaleNota sobre nuevas especies parasitada por el críalo (Clamator glandarius) en EspañaEstructura de la jerarquización en la predación de huevos y pichones en Spheniscus magellanicusPasser domesticus, nueva specie para Bolivia¿Están realmente subalimentados los cernícalos primilla en el valle del Guadalquivir durante el periodo no reproductor?.Nidificación del paiño común (Hydrobates pelagicus) en las Islas Canarias.Nuevos datos sobre la presencia del visón europeo (Mustela lutreola L.) en NavarraLa población de gamos del Parque Nacional de Doñana en 1979Puntualización a la nota "predacción de Falco peregrino y Falco subbuteo sobre quirópteros" de Aymerich y García de Castro aparecida en el vol. 9 de esta revista.Peer reviewe

Withanolides and related steroids

Since the isolation of the first withanolides in the mid-1960s, over 600 new members of this group of compounds have been described, with most from genera of the plant family Solanaceae. The basic structure of withaferin A, a C28 ergostane with a modified side chain forming a δ-lactone between carbons 22 and 26, was considered for many years the basic template for the withanolides. Nowadays, a considerable number of related structures are also considered part of the withanolide class; among them are those containing γ-lactones in the side chain that have come to be at least as common as the δ-lactones. The reduced versions (γ and δ-lactols) are also known. Further structural variations include modified skeletons (including C27 compounds), aromatic rings and additional rings, which may coexist in a single plant species. Seasonal and geographical variations have also been described in the concentration levels and types of withanolides that may occur, especially in the Jaborosa and Salpichroa genera, and biogenetic relationships among those withanolides may be inferred from the structural variations detected. Withania is the parent genus of the withanolides and a special section is devoted to the new structures isolated from species in this genus. Following this, all other new structures are grouped by structural types. Many withanolides have shown a variety of interesting biological activities ranging from antitumor, cytotoxic and potential cancer chemopreventive effects, to feeding deterrence for several insects as well as selective phytotoxicity towards monocotyledoneous and dicotyledoneous species. Trypanocidal, leishmanicidal, antibacterial, and antifungal activities have also been reported. A comprehensive description of the different activities and their significance has been included in this chapter. The final section is devoted to chemotaxonomic implications of withanolide distribution within the Solanaceae. Overall, this chapter covers the advances in the chemistry and biology of withanolides over the last 16 years.Fil: Misico, Rosana Isabel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica (i); ArgentinaFil: Nicotra, V.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Orgánica; ArgentinaFil: Oberti, Juan Carlos María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Química Orgánica; ArgentinaFil: Barboza, Gloria Estela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Departamento de Farmacia; ArgentinaFil: Gil, Roberto Ricardo. University Of Carnegie Mellon; Estados UnidosFil: Burton, Gerardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica (i); Argentin

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality